L31 Protein & Alcohol Metabolism Flashcards
Amino acids are not stored by the body, thus must be topped up via…
Diet
Proteins are broken down by…
Proteases
Remaining tripeptides and dipeptides are broken down into amino acids by…
Peptidase
During long term starvation, the body acquires amino acids from:
a) breaking down structural and functional proteins
b) metabolic reactions
c) storage molecules
d) all of the above
a) breaking down structural and functional proteins
The most common cause of death in chronic malnutrition is from infections. In terms of amino acids explain why…
In the absence of amino acids, the body is unable to produce antibodies. Without antibodies the immune system is compromised and highly susceptible to infection
The alpha amino group of amino acids is toxic. It is recycled via the…
Urea cycle, in which it is converted to NH4
Transaminases are a key enzyme in…
Amino acid metabolism
Amino acids can be used as an energy source. For example glutamate in converted into alpha ketoglutarate via ? Which is used in the ? To generate energy.
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Used to Citric acid cycle
All amino acids are converted through 7 intermediates which are either…
Glucogenic or ketogenic
The body can build new types of amino acids by adding amino groups using…
Amino acyl transferase
Alcohol binds to…
GABA receptors
Symptoms of alcohol toxicity range from…
Relaxation and mild euphoria to stupor and death
Differences in alcohol metabolism between men and women can be explained by differences in…
Weight and body composition.
Lower weight = lower blood volume
Higher body fat - fat doesn’t absorb alcohol
The two key enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism are…
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
Ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde by…
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Acetaldehyde is toxic and responsible for the symptoms of…
Hangover
Acetaldehyde is converted to…
Acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase
Acetic acid can cause damage to the…
Liver
Excessive alcohol consumption depletes…
NAD+
Depleted NAD+ resulting from excessive alcohol consumption tricks the body into thinking there is plenty of energy. Therefore (4)…
Glycolysis stops
CAC stops
Gluconeogenesis stops
Leading to hypoglycaemia
Acetic acid is converted to acetyl CoA which is used in the citric acid cycle. This leads to…
Lipogenesis
Lipogenesis due to excessive alcohol consumption can lead to…
Steatosis aka fatty liver disease
In fatty liver disease there are fewer…
Hepatocytes and more adipose cells
Alcohol intolerance affects the enzyme…
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase is targeted by drugs that treat…
Alcoholism
Inhibiting the enzyme mimics the unpleasant symptoms of alcohol intolerance, thus discouraging alcohol consumption
