L3 Routes of drug administration L 4 Dosage forms of drugs

Question 1

Oral route
Dosage forms of drugs

Answer 1

1. Liquid dosage forms
2. Solid dosage forms:
   (Absorption first requires:
   dissolution of the tablet or capsule,
   thus liberating the drug).

Question 2

Routes of drug administration

Answer 2

ORAL
SUBLINGUAL
PARENTERAL
RECTAL
TOPICAL
INHALATIONAL

Question 3

Preparations for oral administration are:

Answer 3

Solids
Tablets
Powder
Liquids
Capsules

Question 4

Drug is protected from gastric acid, by a coat

Answer 4

Enteric-coated preparations

Question 5

It dissolves only in the intestine and releases the drug in the alkaline media.

Answer 5

Enteric-coated preparations

Question 6

Have special ingredients that control the drug release

Answer 6

Extended-release preparations

Question 7

Allowing for slower absorption and a prolonged duration of action.

Answer 7

Extended-release preparations

Question 8

Allowing for slower absorption and a prolonged duration of action.

Answer 8

Extended-release preparations

Question 9

Advantages
1. Dosed less frequently
2. Improve patient compliance.

Answer 9

Extended-release preparations

Question 10

Used for drugs that:
1. Acid unstable.
2. Irritating to the stomach

Answer 10

Enteric-coated preparations

Question 11

what are the ADVANTAGES of Oral Route?

Answer 11

1. Highly acceptable & easy to use.
2. Cheap- Portable.
3. Suitable for drugs given
   for long-term.
4. Can prolong duration of
   action by SR tablets.

Question 12

what are the DISADVANTAGES of Oral Route?

Answer 12

1. Unsuitable in emergency.
2. Inactivation of some drugs
   by gastric juice. (insulin)
3. Some drugs not absorbed
   from GIT.
4. Some drugs are irritant .
5. Food affect drug
   absorption. (tea-iron)
6. Position of patient &
   amount of water taken by patient.

Question 13

Mucosal surface area of the small intestine is uniquely adapted for absorption,

Answer 13

Site of absorption of drugs after oral administration
Small intestine
(the bulk of drug absorption)

Question 14

Acidic pH of the stomach favor the gastric absorption of acidic drugs (aspirin)

Answer 14

Site of absorption of drugs after oral administration
Stomach

Question 15

what are the Absorption of different oral dosage forms ?

Answer 15

1. Solutions, has relatively rapid absorption .
2. Solid (capsules or tablets). must first disintegrate,
   dissolve before absorption
3. Enteric-coated preparations released only in the intestine.
4. Sustained-release preparations (release a steady amount of drug slowly and over long duration)

Question 16

Drug inactivation before they reach systemic circulation, By:

Answer 16

1. Gastric acid
2. Digestive enzymes
3. Enteric bacterial enzymes
4. Intestinal contents.
5. Liver

Question 17

what is Sublingual Route?

Answer 17

• Placement under the tongue
• Allows a drug to diffuse into the capillary
network and enter the systemic circulation
directly.

Question 18

what are the ADVANTAGES of Sublingual Route?

Answer 18

1. Rapid effect with small doses.
2. Nofirstpass metabolism in liver.
3. Noinactivationin GIT.
4. Canterminate effect by spitting out the tablet.

Question 19

what are the DISADVANTAGES of Sublingual Route?

Answer 19

1. Irritant to buccal mucosa.
2. Suitableinsmall number of drugs.

Question 20

what is Rectal Route?

Answer 20

Drugs may be given rectally for: 1. local effects (to treat proctitis)
2. or for systemic effect

Question 21

what is the ADVANTAGES of Rectal Route?

Answer 21

1. Avoid gastric acidity and digestive enzymes
2. partly bypass The portal circulation
   ( no first pass metabolism)
3. For patients unable to swallow or who are vomiting.

Question 22

what is the DISADVANTAGES of Rectal Route?

Answer 22

1. Rectal absorption is often erratic and incomplete.
2. Some drugs can be irritant to the rectal mucosa.

Question 23

what is Inhalation Route ?

Answer 23

Provide rapid delivery of a drug across large surface area of the mucous membranes of respiratory tract and pulmonary epithelium.

A. Oral inhalation
B. Nasal inhalation

Question 24

what is the ADVANTAGES of Inhalation Route ?

Answer 24

Rapid, convenient, Safe

Question 25

Preparations For The Parenteral Route is:

Answer 25

Vial ampoule IV infusion IV Cannula Size and color

Question 26

Parenteral Route is:

Answer 26

I.V injection I.M Injection SC Injection intradermal Intra-articular intrathecal Intra- arterial intracardiac

Question 27

Characteretics of injectable solution: Solution should be:

Answer 27

1. Sterile (No mirco-organisms). 2. Same PH and osmotic pressure as body fluids.

Question 28

The parenteral route introduces drugs directly into the systemic circulation

Answer 28

Principles of drug administration

Question 29

The three major parenteral routes

Answer 29

1. intravascular (intravenous or intra-arterial) 2. intramuscular, 3. subcutaneous

Question 30

• Uses of parenteral administration:

Answer 30

• used for drugs that are poorly absorbed from the GI tract (for example, heparin (SC)) • used for drugs that are unstable in the GI tract (for example, insulin(SC)). • Used if a patient is unable to take oral medications

Question 31

Suitable for agents that can be given in small volumes (≤2 mL) and are not locally damaging.

Answer 31

Subcutaneous route

Question 32

warming the tissue, Massage of the injection site, promotes drug uptake by improving local circulation

Answer 32

Subcutaneous route

Question 33

for drugs that cannot be given orally (slow absorption, drug inactivation,)

Answer 33

Intramuscular route

Question 34

types of Intramuscular route:

Answer 34

1. Aqueous solutions, (absorbed rapidly) 2. Depot preparations, (absorbed slowly).

Question 35

Disadvantages of IM ROUTE:

Answer 35

1. Pain, Sterile abscesses, Haematoma 2. Sciatic nerve palsy 3. No way of stopping absorption

Question 36

Intravenous route ADVANTAGES OF IV Route:

Answer 36

1. For drugs not absorbed orally 2. Rapid effect 3. Control the amount of drug delivered. 4. For solutions too irritating for other routes

Question 37

DISADVANTAGES of IV Route:

Answer 37

1. Toxic reactions can be immediate, severe. 2. Given drug cannot be recalled (by activated charcoal) 3. Vasculitis, hematoma , hemolysis, Infection, embolism formation 4. Accidental intra-arterial injection may led to arterio-spasm, gangrene, and loss of limbs.

Question 38

If administered to quickly Nonspecific but potentially disastrous ................ ................... .............. may result, even from the rapid injection of simple salt solutions.

Answer 38

cardiopulmonary side effects

Question 39

Slow absorption can be achieved by the use of depot forms as for .......................... .......................... ...........................

Answer 39

intramuscular injections and subcutaneous injections.

Question 40

• But IV injection ........ .............. effects

Answer 40

rapid immediate

Question 41

Drugs applied to skin or mucous membrane for local effects

Answer 41

Topical Application

Question 42

Topical drugs through

Answer 42

EYE, EAR, NOSE & VAGINA

Question 43

• Dosage forms of oral preparations

Answer 43

1. Liquid dosage forms: syrup – suspension-emulsion 2. Solid dosage forms: Powder- Capsules- tablets –Sustained release tablets/capsules –Enteric coated tablets/capsules

Question 44

Dosage forms of parenteral preparations

Answer 44

Vials- ampules

Question 45

• Dosage forms of topical preparations

Answer 45

Ointment – creams- gel- transdermal patch- eye drops – ear drops- nasal drops

Question 46

Ointment – creams- gel- transdermal patch- eye drops – ear drops- nasal drops

Answer 46

Enemas – suppositories –cream