introduction into pharmacology Flashcards
the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes and activating or inhibiting normal body processes.
Pharmacology
study of drugs in humans
Clinical Pharmacology
use of drugs to diagnose, prevent and treat illness
Therapeutics
any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through its chemical actions.
Drug
is a chemical substance of known structure, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.
In pharmacology, a drug
also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being.
A pharmaceutical drug
the written direction for the preparation and the administration of the drug.
Prescription
The desired results of administration of a medication
Effects (therapeutic effect)
the attempt to cure, improve, diagnose, treat and/or prevent disease/ condition in humans or animals .
Therapeutic use
The amount of a drug to be administered at one time.
Dose
The reasons for administering a medication or performing a treatment.
Indications
Factor that prevents the use of a medication or treatment (e.g., Allergies)
Contra-indications
Effects that are harmful and undesired, and that occur in addition to the desired therapeutic effects
Side Effects (adverse effects)
deleterious effect of the drug on an organism or tissue, result from overdose or external use.
Drug toxicity
Is the improper use of common medications in way that lead to acute and chronic toxicity for example laxative, antacid and vitamins.
Drug misuse
Dealing with poisons, their actions, their detection, and the treatment of conditions produced by them.
Toxicology
•The proper selection of a drug
•to treat a particular disease state. • considering
1. dose,
2.duration of therapy,
3.side effects of drug.
Pharmaco-therapeutics
THE STUDY of the interrelationships between drugs and heredity (genes),
Pharmaco-genetics
THE STUDY of the inter relationships between drugs and aging,
geriatric pharmacology
THE STUDY of the relationship between drugs and the immune system.
Immuno- pharmacology
s responsible for creating guidelines for the approval and use of drugs.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
• In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration …….. is responsible for creating guidelines for the approval and use of drugs.
FDA
Gaining ……. approval usually takes several years.
FDA
Testing done on ………. must be extensive and must include several species to help in the evaluation of both the ………and ………. of the drug
animals , effectiveness and safety
what are the Drug Approval Process?
• PHASE I Trials
• PHASES II
• PHASES III.
• PHASE IV
The FDA requires that all approved drugs fulfill two requirements:
1. The drug must be found to ………………………. for which it is seeking approval (where ‘effective’ means only that the drug performed better than placebo or competitors in at least two trials).
2. The ………………… by being subject to animal and controlled human testing.
be effective against the disease , drug must meet safety criteria
……………. of new drug is expensive and lengthy
Development
how many Drug Approval Process requires principle steps?
2
• On cells and animals
Pre-clinical trails
In human
Clinical Trails
• … phases – may take 2-10 years for completion
4
1-3rd phases done before drug is marketed, 4th phase done after
marketing
مدري كيف اسال ذا وحطيته هوا والجواب
Phase 4 : post marketing phaseد
ما اعرف كيف اسال ف حطيته هوا والجواب
معليش كنت بحط كلام حلو وكذا
بس والله ما عرفت ايش احط المهم اني اعشقك
