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My Anatomy Unit 3 Histo > L3 - Bone Development - Articulate H > Flashcards

L3 - Bone Development - Articulate H Flashcards

1
Q

There are two types of ossification (aka) Osteogenesis: What are they?

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification

2. Endochondral ossification

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2
Q

What is bone embryologically derived from?

A

Mesenchyme

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3
Q

In which type of ossification do bone cells differentiate directly from mesenchymal cells to become osteoid?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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4
Q

Which type of ossification gives rise to flat bones found in the head and face at around week 8 of gestation?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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5
Q

Intramembranous ossification uses hyaline cartilage model precursor or not?

A

It does not

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6
Q

Endochondral ossification uses hyaline cartilage model precursor or not?

A

It does

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7
Q

Which type of ossification leads to the production of most short and long bones in the body?

A

Endochondral ossification

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8
Q

What week does endochondral ossification take place through gestation? when are they present in the long bones of the body?

A

Starts in week 6 and visible in long bones by week 12

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9
Q

What are the steps of intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. Development of the ossification center
  2. Calcification
  3. Woven bone and periosteum development
  4. Replacement of woven bone
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10
Q

What happens during the development of ossification center stage of intramembranous ossification?

A

mesenchymal cells cluster, they change into osteoprogenitor cells, and they become more and more basophilic as they become osteoblasts.

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11
Q

Osteoblasts secrete what?

A

Osteoid

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12
Q

What happens during the calcification stage of intramembranous ossification?

A

Calcium and other mineral salts are deposited around collagen fibers, giving rise to osteocytes

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13
Q

Osteoblasts that trap themselves in their calcifying osteoid are called what? and what do they sit in?

A

Osteocytes, lacunae

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14
Q

What happens during the woven bone and periosteum development stage of intramembranous ossification?

A

Primary bone is being made, growth along the surfaces, bone is woven together. The bone on the periphery condenses and forms periosteum

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15
Q

During woven bone and periosteum development what happens with the blood vessels that weave through the developing bone?

A

They become red bone marrow

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16
Q

What happens during the replacement of woven bone during intramembranous ossification?

A

Woven bone is replaced by lamellar bone forming compact and spongy bone

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17
Q

Flat bones are spongy or compact bone?

A

Both, they are spongy inside and compact on the outer layers

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of osteoblasts?

A

Cuboidal shape and very basophilic

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19
Q

Is woven bone organized or disorganized?

A

Disorganized

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20
Q

What tissue does bone develop directly from in intramembranous ossification?

A

Mesenchyme

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21
Q

Which of the following bones develops through intramembranous ossification?

a. Femur
b. Parietal bone
c. Phalanges

A

Parietal bone

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22
Q

What replaces mesenchyme during endochondral ossification?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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23
Q

What replaces hyaline cartilage during endochondral ossification?

A

Bone

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24
Q

What is the first step of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Development of the fetal cartilage model
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25
Q

What is the second step of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Bone collar forms around the diaphysis and cartilage of the shaft begins to calcify
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26
Q

What is the third step of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Development of a primary ossification center in the diaphysis
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27
Q

What is the fourth step of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Development of the secondary ossification centers
28
Q

What is the fifth step of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Retention of hyaline cartilage as the articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate
29
Q

What is the sixth (last) step of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Epiphyseal plates ossify and form the epiphyseal lines
30
Q

At which stage of endochondrial ossification is mesenchyme differentiating into chondroblasts that secrete matrix and produce the hyaline cartilage model?

A
  1. During development of the fetal cartilage model
31
Q

During development of the fetal cartilage model what type of growth occurs because of the chondrocytes and activity of the chondroblasts on the surface?

A

Interstitial growth giving rise to the perichondrium

32
Q

At which stage of endochondral ossification is the perichondrium becoming periosteum due to osteoblasts creating the first bone tissue to appear?

A
  1. Bone collar forming around the diaphysis and cartilage of the shaft beginning to calcify
33
Q

What happens to oxygen and nutrients to the underlying cartilage as bone starts to develop?

A

The oxygen and nutrients are impeded upon because of the bone

34
Q

What causes the chondrocytes to slowly die off?

A

The calcification of bone stops the chondrocytes from receiving nutrients via diffusion.

35
Q

The absence of ______ causes the matrix to break down and calcified hyaline cartilage is created in the shaft.

A

Chondrocytes

36
Q

Primary bone is eosinophilic or basophilic?

A

Primary bone is eosinophilic

37
Q

Calcified bone is eosinophilic or basophilic?

A

Calcified bone is basophilic

38
Q

What causes the development of bone marrow as well as creates primary ossification centers?

A

Blood vessels

39
Q

Where is the main site for the primary ossification center ?

A

In the diaphysis

40
Q

Where are the secondary ossification centers located?

A

In the epiphysis

41
Q

What happens to chondrocytes in the development of secondary ossification centers?

A

They die off due to the compressing matrix, giving rise to spaces for blood vessels

42
Q

What does hyaline cartilage on the end of the bone model become? What is the function?

A

It becomes articular cartilage for the cushioning of bones

43
Q

The hyaline cartilage that remains between the diaphysis and the epiphysis has which function?

A

Acting as a growth plate for long bones

44
Q

At the end of puberty what happens to the epiphyseal cartilage?

A

It is replaced by bone forming the epiphyseal line

45
Q

What kind of ossification is used to lengthen long bone at the epiphyseal plate?

A

Endochondral ossification

46
Q

What are the 5 zones of the hyaline cartilage in the epiphyseal plate?

A
  1. Resting cartilage
  2. Proliferating cartilage
  3. Hypertrophic cartilage
  4. Calcified cartilage
  5. Ossification
47
Q

The zone of resting cartilage is closest to epiphysis or diaphysis?

A

Epiphysis

48
Q

The zone of ossification is closest to epiphysis or diaphysis?

A

Diaphysis

49
Q

Which zone are chondrocytes alone or in small groups? No mitosis is happening and the matrix is inactive.

A

Zone of resting cartilage

50
Q

Which zone has chondrocytes undergoing mitosis creating matrix and causing the bone to lengthen?

A

Zone of proliferation (Zone of proliferating cartilage)

51
Q

In which zone do chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy, cytoplasm accumulates glycogen, and the matrix is compressed/thinned?

A

Zone of hypertrophy (Zone of hypertrophic cartilage)

52
Q

What happens to the chondrocytes in the zone of calcified cartilage as the cartilage calcifies?

A

They die because of the lack of nutrients through diffusion

53
Q

In which zone do small blood vessels, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor cells inter the spaces previously occupied by chondrocytes?

A

Zone of ossification

54
Q

What is the role of osteoblasts?

A

Laying down bone onto calcified cartilage spicules

55
Q

What is the role of osteoclasts?

A

Breaking down and eroding new bone so secondary bone can be formed

56
Q

Does the epiphyseal plate change width through the process of growth?

A

NO, the epiphyseal plate stays the same width

57
Q

When during the epiphyseal plate development will the bone cells catch up with the chondrocytes?

A

During the closure of the epiphyseal plate

58
Q

What type of growth is used to grow the bone width wise?

A

Appositional growth

59
Q

During appositional growth Which should have a higher rate? osteoblasts or osteoclasts?

A

The rate of osteoblasts should equal the rate of osteoclasts at the end-steal layer

60
Q

What is the process of removing old bone and laying down new bone?

A

Bone remodeling

61
Q

Bone remodeling occurs where and when?

A

All over the body all the time

62
Q

What percentage of bone is remodeled every year?

A

5-10%

63
Q

Negative feedback loops, mechanical stresses, and gravity all play a key role in what process?

A

Bone remodeling

64
Q

Which two hormones assist in the “When” bone remodeling will occur?

A

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

65
Q

Parathyroid and calcitonin have a direct impact on which molecule?

A

Ca2+

66
Q

What determines where remodeling will occur?

A

Mechanical stresses and gravity

My Anatomy Unit 3 Histo (4 decks)

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