L3 Flashcards
______ reactions release energy by breaking down ______ molecules,
including foods, through oxidative pathways. ______
reactions generate the many complex organic molecules needed by the cell, and they require an ______. In animal cells, both the building blocks and the energy required for the ________ reactions are obtained through _______ reactions.
Catabolic reactions release energy by breaking down organic molecules,
including foods, through oxidative pathways. Anabolic
reactions generate the many complex organic molecules needed by
the cell, and they require an energy input. In animal cells, both the
building blocks and the energy required for the anabolic reactions are
obtained through catabolic reactions.
Enzymes catalyze reactions by binding to particular substrate molecules in a way that lowers the activation energy _____ for making and _______ specific covalent bonds
activation energy: heat to increase movement
-increases number of molecular interaction
-increase molecular speed/force of collision
Enzymes catalyze reactions by binding to particular substrate molecules in a way that lowers the activation energy _____ for making and _______ specific covalent bonds
activation energy: heat to increase movement
-increases number of _______
-increase molecular ______/____ of the _____
-the ______ law of thermodynamics: in the universe or in any isolated system. The degree of _______ can only increase
-the second law of thermodynamics: in the universe or in any isolated system. The degree of disorder can only increase
the measure of a system’s disorder is called the _______ of -the system
-the second law of thermodynamics: in the universe or in any isolated system. The degree of disorder can only increase
because the cell is not an isolated system, the heat energy that its reactions generate is quickly dispersed into the cell’s surrounding. The heat increases the intensity of thermal motions, increasing the entropy of the environment
because the cell is not an isolated system, the heat energy that its reactions generate is quickly dispersed into the cell’s surrounding. The heat increases the intensity of thermal motions, increasing the entropy of the environment
_______ law of thermodynamics: energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another
first law of thermodynamics: energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another
_____ bonds requires E
_____ bonds releases E
Breaking bonds requires E
Forming bonds releases E
free energy, energy that can be _____ to do work or drive _________
free energy, energy that can be harnessed to do work or drive chemical reactions
chemical reactions proceed only in the direction that leads to __________
chemical reactions proceed only in the direction that leads to a loss of free energy
a molecule requires a ________ over an energy barrier before it can undergo a chemical reaction that moves it to a lower-energy state, this boost is the activation energy
a molecule requires a boost over an energy barrier before it can undergo a chemical reaction that moves it to a lower-energy state, this boost is the activation energy
The activation energy is distinct from the ΔG, or free energy difference between the reactants and products.
The activation energy is distinct from the ΔG, or free energy difference between the reactants and products.
For a reaction to occur, what must happen?
1. Atoms/molecules must interact (‘touch’)
With enough force to change bonds
For a reaction to occur, what must happen?
1. Atoms/molecules must interact (‘touch’)
With enough force to change bonds
How a catalyst different with a reactant?
- catalyst can be ________, not used up in reaction, not used up in reaction
- ________ activation energy
- don’t change the ______ of the reaction
- don’t change ______ of reactant vs product at equilibrium
- activation energy is require to break the initial bond (destabilize)
How a catalyst different with a reactant?
-catalyst can be reuse, not used up in reaction, not used up in reaction
-lower activation energy
-don’t change the direction of the reaction
-don’t change amount of reactant vs product at equilibrium
How a catalyst different with a reactant?
-catalyst can be ________, not used up in reaction, not used up in reaction
How catalyst reduce the activation energy?
- hold reactants in same vicinity
- interact with reactant, destabilize the bonds in reactants (stretch, twig)
How catalyst reduce the activation energy?
- hold reactants in same vicinity
- interact with reactant, destabilize the bonds in reactants (stretch, twig)
Oxidation and reduction involve electron transfers
- oxidation means the addition of oxygen atoms to a molecule
- oxidation is removal of electrons from an atom, electrons are lost by an atom/region of an atom
- reduction is adding an electron, electrons are gained by an atom/region of an atom
Eg.
C-H —> C-O (oxidize, release energy)
C-O —> C-H (reduction, require energy)
Oxidation and reduction involve electron transfers
- oxidation means the addition of oxygen atoms to a molecule
- oxidation is removal of electrons from an atom, electrons are lost by an atom/region of an atom
- reduction is adding an electron, electrons are gained by an atom/region of an atom
Eg.
C-H —> C-O (oxidize, release energy)
C-O —> C-H (reduction, require energy)
