initiation Flashcards
Prokaryotes use the _____ RNA polymerase to transcribe all of their genes.The fifth subunit, _____, is involved only in transcription initiation. It confers transcriptional specificity such that the polymerase begins to synthesize mRNA from an appropriate initiation site.
the sigma helps the core enzyme to the promoter.
Prokaryotes use the same RNA polymerase to transcribe all of their genes.The fifth subunit, σ, is involved only in transcription initiation. It confers transcriptional specificity such that the polymerase begins to synthesize mRNA from an appropriate initiation site.
the sigma helps the core enzyme to the promoter.
Although promoters vary among prokaryotic genomes, a few elements are conserved. At the ____ and -_____ regions upstream of the initiation site, there are two promoter consensus sequences, or regions that are similar across all promoters and across various bacterial species.
Although promoters vary among prokaryotic genomes, a few elements are conserved. At the -10 and -35 regions upstream of the initiation site, there are two promoter consensus sequences, or regions that are similar across all promoters and across various bacterial species.
Sigma regulation:
- cells have primary sigma factor, which directs transcription from the promoters of essential housekeeping genes, a variable signals or stress conditions. Alternative sigma factors whose levels for activities are increased in response to specific signals or stress conditions.
- bacterial species differ significantly in the number of sigma factors, reflecting the different environmental conditions
- variation in both promoter element spacing and sequence allow different regulation of genes
- some genes that transcribed at high rate contain additional AT rich sequence at upstream to promotes tighter binding of RNA polymerase
Sigma regulation:
- cells have primary sigma factor, which directs transcription from the promoters of essential housekeeping genes, a variable signals or stress conditions. Alternative sigma factors whose levels for activities are increased in response to specific signals or stress conditions.
- bacterial species differ significantly in the number of sigma factors, reflecting the different environmental conditions
- variation in both promoter element spacing and sequence allow different regulation of genes
- some genes that transcribed at high rate contain additional AT rich sequence at upstream to promotes tighter binding of RNA polymerase
eukaryote transcription:
RNA polymerase I: ____
polymerase II: _____
polymerase III: _____ and other _____
eukaryote transcription:
eukaryote transcription:
RNA polymerase I: rRNAs
polymerase II: mRNAs
polymerase III: tRNAs and other RNAs-eukaryotic RNA polymerase require the assistance of a large set of accessory proteins, _________, assemble at each promoter, form as a functional structure that is analogous to sigma, along the polymerase before they begin transcription
along with RNA polymerase II, to form a complete transcription initiation complex or ______
-eukaryotic RNA polymerase require the assistance of a large set of accessory proteins, general transcription factors, assemble at each promoter, form as a functional structure that is analogous to sigma, along the polymerase before they begin transcription
along with RNA polymerase II, to form a complete transcription initiation complex or pre initiation complex(PIC).
one common pattern: ____ box. Locate ____ nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site. It is recognized by a subunit of GTF called TBD(TATA-binding protein)
one common pattern: TATA box. Locate 25 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site. It is recognized by a subunit of GTF called TBD(TATA-binding protein)
TFII D
bind the TATA box since it include TATA binding protein(TAF), recognize the gene
TFII B
DNA binding protein binds beta recognition element(BRE), the second spot recognized by a protein, can also binds to TFII D (bind to TBP)
bind to both BRE and TBP (stuck two things). Critical to the binding of the polymerase, position polymerase II at +1
TFII F
Binds TFII B and polymerase, POL II has a tail (C-terminal domain)
TFII E
Binds TFII F
TFII H
Binds TFII E, helicase and add phosphate group to RNA polymerase(kinase activity), when phosphate is added to the C terminal, the shape changed and change the state(activate polymerase) the carboxyl domain is phosphorylated
TFII D
bind the TATA box since it include TATA binding protein(TAF), recognize the gene
TFII B
DNA binding protein binds beta recognition element(BRE), the second spot recognized by a protein, can also binds to TFII D (bind to TBP)
bind to both BRE and TBP (stuck two things). Critical to the binding of the polymerase, position polymerase II at +1
TFII F
Binds TFII B and polymerase, POL II has a tail (C-terminal domain)
TFII E
Binds TFII F
TFII H
Binds TFII E, helicase and add phosphate group to RNA polymerase(kinase activity), when phosphate is added to the C terminal, the shape changed and change the state(activate polymerase) the carboxyl domain is phosphorylated
TFII ___ stays with the TATA box
TFII _____ and polymerase II continue to transcribe
TFII D stays with the TATA box
TFII F and polymerase II continue to transcribe
by gene specific elements (proximal, upstream), or enhancer elements(distal, up or down strem)
by gene specific elements (proximal, upstream), or enhancer elements(distal, up or down strem)
A _______ is a type of transcriptional coregulator that binds to an activator (a transcription factor) to increase the rate of transcription of a gene or set of genes
A coactivator is a type of transcriptional coregulator that binds to an activator (a transcription factor) to increase the rate of transcription of a gene or set of genes
______: TATA box, GCA box, CAAT box
Gene specific promoter regions: TATA box, GCA box, CAAT box
Control region: long range cis-regulatory element that enhance expression of linked genes. For eukaryote, the control region is diffuse. gene control region to describe the whole expanse of DNA involved in regulating and initiating transcription of a eukaryotic gene.
Co activator: coactivators and co-repressors do not rec- ognize speci c DNA sequences themselves; they are brought to those sequences by the transcription regulators.
Control region: long range cis-regulatory element that enhance expression of linked genes. For eukaryote, the control region is diffuse. gene control region to describe the whole expanse of DNA involved in regulating and initiating transcription of a eukaryotic gene.
Co activator: coactivators and co-repressors do not rec- ognize speci c DNA sequences themselves; they are brought to those sequences by the transcription regulators.
____: sequence is in mRNA read by ribosome
_____: sequence is transcribed but is excised before mRNA is translated
Exon: sequence is in mRNA read by ribosome
Intron: sequence is transcribed but is excised before mRNA is translated
An activator protein binds to a regulatory sequence on the DNA and then interacts with the RNA polymerase to help it initiate transcription.
Act in two main ways: they can directly affect the assembly process that requires RNA polymerase and the PIC bind at the promoter, or they can locally modify the chromatin structure of promoter regions
An _______ binds to a regulatory sequence on the DNA and then interacts with the RNA polymerase to help it initiate transcription.
Act in two main ways: they can directly affect the assembly process that requires RNA polymerase and the PIC bind at the promoter, or they can locally modify the chromatin structure of promoter regions
