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PS1016 - Individual Differences > L3&4 - Disorders > Flashcards

L3&4 - Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Social Anxiety/Phobias

A
  • Exaggerated fear of 1+ situations, where the person is exposed to possible scrutiny and fears they will be embarrassed
  • Conflict between internal representation and negative external indicators
  • Evolutionary: fear of dominant stimuli through facial expressions
  • Learnt directly or vicariously
  • Have coping mechanisms
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2
Q

Study that looks at social anxiety

A
  • When measuring eye contact on a screen, those with the phobia have increased attention to angry faces
  • Unsure if this is cause/effect
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3
Q

Aetiology of Social Anxiety

A
  • Preparedness Hypothesis: evolutionary bias to fearful stimulus
  • Maintained by cognitions
  • Temperament will affect development
  • Previous life experience: learning and conditioning
  • Genetics: Concordance rates in MZ twins
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4
Q

Treatment of Social Anxiety/Phobia

A
  • Exposure therapy (flooding)
  • VR
  • Particpant modelling
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5
Q

Describe OCD

A
  • 2-3%
  • Worrying about what will happen
  • Unwanted/Intrusive thoughts & images accompanied by compulsive behaviours
  • Compulsions to neutralise thoughts
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6
Q

Describe Obsessions and Compulsions

A

O - Recurrent & Persistent thoughts and impulses, attempt to suppress
C - Repetitive behaviours or mental acts in response to obsessions to prevent anxiety or a situation occurring

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7
Q

OCD Aetiology

A

Psychosocial Factors:
- Behavioural: classical conditioning, avoidance. Neutral stimuli become anxiety inducing
Biological factors:
- Genetics: high conc rates in MZ twins, high prevalence in 1st degree relatives
- Abnormal Brain Functions: MRI show differences in brain regions involved in motor inhibition and response control
- Neurochemical differences

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8
Q

OCD Treatments

A

Psychosocial: CBT to restructure thought processes
Biological: SSRIs

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9
Q

What is the WCST?

A
  • Card sorting test to do with inductive reasoning
  • 3 rules: shape, number or colour
  • DV is perseverative responses
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10
Q

WCST and schiz study

A
  • Compared Schiz to controls and people with brain tumours in diff parts of the brain. (RF and NF)
  • Schiz and RF differed from controls and NF
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11
Q

Schiz aetiology

A
  • Genetics: also requires environmental aspect
  • Neurochemical: dopamine hypothesis
  • Neurological: brain structure & regions
  • Neurodevelopmental - in utero
  • Family: Expressed emotion
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12
Q

Describe Major Depressive Episode (MD)

A
  • Most common 10-20%
  • Shown by infants, in adolescence and in elderly
  • Episodes lasting 6 mo. or longer is chronic
  • Comorbid with anxiety
  • Not all depression is MD
  • Dysthemia is more mild
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13
Q

MD symptoms

A
  • Lack of interest for most of the day for most days for 2 weeks
  • Weight loss/gain
  • Insomnia/hyper
  • Loss of energy
  • Guilt/worthlessness
  • Thoughts of death
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14
Q

MD aetiology

A
  • Cognitive: DIff outlook on life, self blame, pessimism due to distorted view of reality. Self inadequacies lead to state of life
  • Neurochemical Imbalance: Reduction in noradrenaline and serotonin
  • Genetics: increased risk in families, 40% concordance & candidate genes 5HTT
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15
Q

MD Treatment

A
  • Cog therapy with Becks triad: neg thoughts about self, world, future. Evidence to contradict this to prove faulty logic
  • CBT: corrects distorted thinking by discussing views
  • Drugs: Tricyclics, MAOI, SSRIs
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16
Q

Describe Bipolar Disorder

A
  • Experience mania and depression
  • Bipolar I: depression + mania
  • Bipolar II: depression + hypomania
  • Cylothymia: less severe
  • Mania: extreme defense against depression
  • High conc rate (70%)
  • Treatment is NB, mood stabilisers, lithium
17
Q

Describe the two eating disorders in the DSM 5

A
  • Anorexia Nervosa: lack of appetite due to nervousness
  • Bulimia Nervosa: eating too much due to nervousness
  • Pica: eating substances with no nutritional value like glass or ice

first two control eating

18
Q

Issues of Anorexia

A
  • Reduced food intake
  • Fear of being fat and refusal to maintain weight
  • No lack of appetite
  • Preoccupation with food
  • High mortality rate
19
Q

Medical complications with anorexia

A
  • Cold skin
  • Poor temp regulation
  • Low BP, weakness/dizziness
  • Heart Arrhythmia
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • Vitamin deficiency
  • Hair thinning
20
Q

Bulimia Issues

A
  • loss of control of food intake
  • Vitamin B1 deficiency
  • Heart arrythmia
  • Heart muscle damage
  • Throat damage
  • Dental damage
  • Mouth ulcers
21
Q

Describe a study to test anorexia

A

Picture taken of their body, made out of proportion, they must restore it, shows perception. AN and BN overestimate size of bodies

22
Q

Describe a study measuring exposure to TV and eating disorders

A

Propagated by social media, highlighted here. Looked at western influence on a tropical island, where there wasn’t much TV. Eds were very low, and most people score low on that test, especially young women. When they returned, more western TV was present, scores on the questionnaire increased

23
Q

Aetiology of EDs

A
  • Bio factors: genetic incidence, in families, high conc rates
  • Sociocultural factors: peer and media
  • Family: Parental pressures
  • Individual drives: idealising thinness
24
Q

Treatment of EDs

A

AN:
- Forced feeding
- No reliable meds, SSRIs help with distorted thinking
- Fam therapy with younger patients
- CBT to change distorted beliefs

BN:
- Meds: SSRIs to stop binging adn disturbed thinking
- CBT

25
Q

Describe the biological model

A

Types of condition:
- Depression
- Sub abuse
- ADHD
- OCD
- Schiz
- EDs

Treatment type?
- Pharmacology: drugs
- Neurosurgery
- Gene therapy

26
Q

Pros & COns of The Biological Model

A
27
Q

Pros & Cons of The Biological Model

A

P:
- Heredity of conditions
- Definite treatment routes
C:
- Many disorders have no clear cause
- Few conditions are 100% penetrant

28
Q

Describe the Psychoanalytic Viewpoint?

A
  • Diff aspects of personality drive diff stages of life
  • Progress through stages with levels of gratification
  • Locked in unconscious mind
  • Unconscious issues affect conscious thoughts
  • Leads to maladaptive behaviour
29
Q

Psychoanalytic Viewpoint Conditions and Treatments

A

Conditions:
- Anxiety
- Stress
- Mood
- Developmental

Treatments:
- Psychotherapy

30
Q

Psychoanalytic Viewpoint Pros and Cons

A

P:
- Developmental issues- distil events
- Latent effects in childhood, showing adulthood

C:
- Does not consider current issues of patient as an adult
- Not scientifically grounded

31
Q

Describe the Behaviourist Viewpoint

A
  • Determined by env
  • Exposure to diff env = diff learning
  • Abnormal behaviour = maladaptive forms learned via experience
  • Failure to learn normal behaviours
  • Conditioning
32
Q

Behavioural Viewpoint Conditions and Treatments

A

Condition:
- Phobias
- Gambling
- Addiction

Treatment:
- Behavioural Therapy
- Desensitisation
- Modelling
- Motivation

33
Q

Behaviourist Viewpoint Pros and Cons:

A

P:
- Highlights role of learning

C:
- Implies pure env aetiology
- Little evidence of condition experience

34
Q

Describe the Cognitive Model

A
  • Info processing
  • Internal Reinforcement
  • Schema & self-schema: when distorted can cause poor learning
35
Q

Cognitive Model Conditions and Treatments

A

Conditions:
- Phobias
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Personality Disorders

Treatment:
- CBT

36
Q

Cognitive Model Pros and Cons

A

P:
- Step up from behaviourism
- Highlights mental processing
- Distorted thoughts lead to illness

C:
- Implies pure env aetiology

PS1016 - Individual Differences (4 decks)

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