L2_ Intro to Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Briefly describe characteristics of the Innate Immune System (speed, variability, selectivity, dynamic)

A

Rapid Response (Hours), Fixed, Limited number of Specificities, Constant during response

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2
Q

Briefly describe characteristics of the adapted immune system speed, variability, selectivity, dynamic)

A

Slow Response (days to weeks), variable, numerous highly selective specificities, improve during response

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3
Q

What is one overriding similarity between Innate and Adaptive Immune responses?

A

They both have common effector mechanisms for the destruction of pathogens

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4
Q

What is more important innate or adaptive immunity?

A

Innate! (without innate, we cannot even activate our adaptive)

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5
Q

What is the largest organ involved in immunity?

A

Skin

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6
Q

What are the 3 major mechanisms of the innate immune system?

A

Barriers, Phagocytes, Complement

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7
Q

What is an Opsonin? List two types of particles that can be opsonins?

A

Something that increases the phagocytosis of an object by binding to the object. Complements and Antibodies

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8
Q

List the 3 major mechanisms of Adaptive immunity

A

Antibody, T-cell Recognition, Cell Mediated Activation of the Innate Immune System.

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9
Q

What is an antigen recognized by?

A

An Antibody or a T-Cell receptor

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10
Q

Name the corresponding Tissue Macrophage for:

Liver, Skin, Connective Tissue, Brain, Bone, Joints, Lungs

A

Liver- Kupffer Cell, Skin-Histiocyte, Connective Tissue- Histiocyte, Brain-Microglial Cell, Bone-Osteoclasts, Joints-Synovial type A Cells, Lungs- Alveolar Macrophages

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11
Q

What type of immunity is complement involved in?

A

Both Innate and Adaptive

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12
Q

What is the most common opsonin of the complement system that can be recognized by many effector cell types?

A

C3

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13
Q

Name the cell type, receptor, or ligand linked to the following CD groups: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD28, CD40, CD40L, CD25

A
CD3-Mature T-Cell
CD4-Helper T-Cell
CD8- Cytotoxic T-Cell
CD28- recognition of APC (B7)
CD40 - Co-stimulatory molecule
CD40L - Ligand for CD40
CD25 - IL-2 receptor (high affinity)
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14
Q

What type of cell is a Neutrophil/polymorphonuclear leukocyte, What is their function, describe their life cycle.

A

They are a granulocyte and an end cell type. They phagocytize and kill microorganism. They have granules that contain the bactericidal and hydrolytic enzymes of the cell. They are short-lived once released from the bone marrow. They enter site of infection and die there and are taken up by macrophages.

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15
Q

What is the most abundant leukocyte?

A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

What is the main function of eosinophils, what is their abundance, how long do they remain in circulation, tissue?

A

They are granulocytes, they do not contain lysozyme but do contain eosinophilic basic protein(EBP) which is thought to be important in clearance of parasitic worms. 1-3% of leukocytes, removed from blood very quickly (T50 ~ 30min)

17
Q

What is the macrophage and dendritic cell precursor cell?

A

Monocyte

18
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells are known for mainly killing cells infected by what?

A

Virally infected cells

19
Q

Describe Natural killer Cells. What is their make up, and what are they known for doing?

A

They are large granular lymphocytes that are known to kill tumor cells and some virally infected cells without apparent specificity.

20
Q

Name the normal percentages for WBC differential: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes

A

Neutrophils 40-75%, Eosinophils 1-6%, Basophils <1%, Monocytes 2-10%, Lymphocytes 20-50%

21
Q

What are the three main (broad) functions of a T-Cell?

A

Help B-Cells, Stimulate phagocytes to kill better, and be directly cytotoxic to virally infected cells and tumor cells.

22
Q

What part of an antibody do effector cells bind?

A

The Fc region

23
Q

What two main targets can complement recognize?

A

Foreign microorganisms and also bound antibody molecules.

24
Q

Name the two major ways in which cells types are identified.

A

Morphological criteria- stains are used to view cells under a microscope
Antigenic- main monoclonal antibodies have been developed to recognize specific types of cells

25
Q

What types of cells do macrophages kill intracellularly and what types extracellularly?

A

Intracellular- bacteria, yeast, parasites

Extracellular- virally infected cells, larger parasites, tumor cells

26
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

Activation of T-cells and initiation of adaptive immune responses

27
Q

What are the functions of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms. Activation of T-Cells and initiation of immune responses

28
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A

Expulsion of parasites from the body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents

29
Q

What are the major targets of Cytotoxic T-Cells?

A

Virally infected cells.

30
Q

What are the primary immune organs?

A

organs where immature lymphocytes develop

Thymus and Bone Marrow

31
Q

What are the secondary immune organs?

A

tissues where antigen is localized so that it can be effectively exposed to mature lymphocytes
Lymph nodes, spleen, adenoids, peyers patches (GI tract)