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Cell Biology > L29 Reproductive System > Flashcards

L29 Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

The gonads have dual functions…

A

To secrete sex hormones and to produce gametes

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2
Q

The testes secrete…

A

Androgens (and a small amount of estrogens)

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3
Q

The ovaries secrete…

A

Oestrogens, progesterone in preparation for pregnancy (and a small amount of androgens)

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4
Q

The myometrium is the…

A

Muscle supporting the uterus

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5
Q

The endometrium is the…

A

Inner layer of the uterus

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6
Q

Oocytes are formed in the ovary…

a) throughout life
b) for around 40 years after birth
c) during early development
d) during adolescence

A

c) during early development

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7
Q

The formation of oocytes is arrested in…

A

Prophase of meiosis I

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8
Q

The arrested oocytes exist within…

A

Primordial follicles (of which there are 7 million)

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9
Q

By menarche there are how many oocytes remaining?

A

About 300,000

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10
Q

The dieing off of the majority of oocytes is known as…

A

Atresia

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11
Q

Of the oocytes remaining at menarche how many develop further?

A

About 30,000

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12
Q

Of the the fully developed oocytes, how many are released by ovulation?

A

About 500

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13
Q

The ovarian cycle is made up of 3 phases…

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Ovulation
  3. Luteal phase
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14
Q

The ovarian cycle concerns the…

A

Maturation of an oocyte and the release of an ovum

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15
Q

The follicular phase is subdivided into 3 phases…

A

I. Pre-antral
II. Antral
III. Pre-ovulatory

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16
Q

In the pre-antral phase the primordial follicles grow into…

A

Mature pre-antral follicles

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17
Q

The growth of primordial follicles is stimulated by…

A

Paracrine factors

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18
Q

This hormone prevents all the follicles from developing at once…

A

Antimüllerion hormone

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19
Q

The antral phase is marked by the appearance of…

A

Fluid filled antra (or atria)

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20
Q

During the antral phase, growth depends on…

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) rather than paracrine factors

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21
Q

The primary follicle can be distinguished from the primordial follicle as…

A

It is larger, has a zona pellucida and the granulosa cells are more cuboidal in shape

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22
Q

The dominant follicle is selected in the…

A

Antral phase

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23
Q

The dominant follicle becomes a significant…

A

Steroidogenic gland

24
Q

The theca cells surrounding the secondary follicle (antral phase) catalyse…

A

Androgen (androstenedione) production from cholesterol

25
Q

Granulosa cells contain…

A

Aromatase which converts androstenedione into estrogens

26
Q

During the preovulatory phase there is a surge in…

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

27
Q

In response to the increase in LH during the preovulatory phase, the dominant follicle…

A

Completes its first meiotic division and arrests in metaphase of meiosis II

28
Q

The dominant follicle is also known as the…

A

Graafian follicle

29
Q

The first division of the Graafian follicle produces a…

A

Haploid secondary oocyte (egg) + polar body

30
Q

During ovulation an inflammatory event…

A

Erodes the wall of the ovary and follicle

31
Q

During ovulation what is released into the peritoneal cavity?

A

Oocyte, zona pellucida and corona radiata

32
Q

The corona radiata is crucial for the capture of the oocyte by the…

A

Fimbriae

33
Q

Remnants of the follicle form the…

A

Corpus luteum

34
Q

The corpus luteum produces…

A

Steroid hormones

35
Q

The luteal phase is marked by the…

A

Development of the corpus luteum

36
Q

During the luteal phase the granulosa cells fill with…

A

Lipid

37
Q

A major product of the luteal phase is…

A

Progesterone

38
Q

Due to the increase in LH, oestrogen levels during the luteal phase…

A

Decrease (but later rebound)

39
Q

If there is no pregnancy, the corpus luteum is broken down to the…

A

Corpus albicans

40
Q

If there is pregnancy the hormone…

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is released

41
Q

Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones involved in ovarian cycle (3)…

A
  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
42
Q

Ovarian hormones involved in the ovarian cycle (3)…

A
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Inhibin A & B
43
Q

LH acts on theca cells to promote…

A

Androgen production

44
Q

LH acts on granulosa cells to secrete…

A

Progesterone

45
Q

LH maintains the…

A

Corpus luteum

46
Q

Ovulation is triggered by…

A

A surge in LH in the last 1-2 days of the cycle

47
Q

The release of GnRH is…

A

Pulsatile

48
Q

Low frequency GnRH release is associated with increased…

A

FSH

49
Q

High frequency GnRH release is associated with increased…

A

LH

50
Q

FSH prevents apoptosis of…

A

Antral follicles

51
Q

Aromatase levels are increased by…

A

FSH

52
Q

Aromatase converts…

A

Androgens to estrogens

53
Q

In the late follicular phase (preovulatory), FSH induces…

A

LH receptors in granulosa cells

54
Q

Oestrogens are the dominant hormone in which phase?

A

Follicular phase (pre-ovulation)

55
Q

Progesterone is the dominant hormone in which phase?

A

Luteal phase (post-ovulation)

56
Q

Inhibin A and B represses secretion of…

A

FSH

57
Q

Inhibin A and B are secreted by granulosa cells in both…

A

The follicular phase and the corpus luteum

Cell Biology (21 decks)

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