L29 Reproductive System

Question 1

The gonads have dual functions…

Answer 1

To secrete sex hormones and to produce gametes

Question 2

The testes secrete…

Answer 2

Androgens (and a small amount of estrogens)

Question 3

The ovaries secrete…

Answer 3

Oestrogens, progesterone in preparation for pregnancy (and a small amount of androgens)

Question 4

The myometrium is the…

Answer 4

Muscle supporting the uterus

Question 5

The endometrium is the…

Answer 5

Inner layer of the uterus

Question 6

Oocytes are formed in the ovary…

a) throughout life
b) for around 40 years after birth
c) during early development
d) during adolescence

Answer 6

c) during early development

Question 7

The formation of oocytes is arrested in…

Answer 7

Prophase of meiosis I

Question 8

The arrested oocytes exist within…

Answer 8

Primordial follicles (of which there are 7 million)

Question 9

By menarche there are how many oocytes remaining?

Answer 9

About 300,000

Question 10

The dieing off of the majority of oocytes is known as…

Answer 10

Atresia

Question 11

Of the oocytes remaining at menarche how many develop further?

Answer 11

About 30,000

Question 12

Of the the fully developed oocytes, how many are released by ovulation?

Answer 12

About 500

Question 13

The ovarian cycle is made up of 3 phases…

Answer 13

1. Follicular phase
2. Ovulation
3. Luteal phase

Question 14

The ovarian cycle concerns the…

Answer 14

Maturation of an oocyte and the release of an ovum

Question 15

The follicular phase is subdivided into 3 phases…

Answer 15

I. Pre-antral
II. Antral
III. Pre-ovulatory

Question 16

In the pre-antral phase the primordial follicles grow into…

Answer 16

Mature pre-antral follicles

Question 17

The growth of primordial follicles is stimulated by…

Answer 17

Paracrine factors

Question 18

This hormone prevents all the follicles from developing at once…

Answer 18

Antimüllerion hormone

Question 19

The antral phase is marked by the appearance of…

Answer 19

Fluid filled antra (or atria)

Question 20

During the antral phase, growth depends on…

Answer 20

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) rather than paracrine factors

Question 21

The primary follicle can be distinguished from the primordial follicle as…

Answer 21

It is larger, has a zona pellucida and the granulosa cells are more cuboidal in shape

Question 22

The dominant follicle is selected in the…

Answer 22

Antral phase

Question 23

The dominant follicle becomes a significant…

Answer 23

Steroidogenic gland

Question 24

The theca cells surrounding the secondary follicle (antral phase) catalyse…

Answer 24

Androgen (androstenedione) production from cholesterol

Question 25

Granulosa cells contain...

Answer 25

Aromatase which converts androstenedione into estrogens

Question 26

During the preovulatory phase there is a surge in...

Answer 26

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 27

In response to the increase in LH during the preovulatory phase, the dominant follicle...

Answer 27

Completes its first meiotic division and arrests in metaphase of meiosis II

Question 28

The dominant follicle is also known as the...

Answer 28

Graafian follicle

Question 29

The first division of the Graafian follicle produces a...

Answer 29

Haploid secondary oocyte (egg) + polar body

Question 30

During ovulation an inflammatory event...

Answer 30

Erodes the wall of the ovary and follicle

Question 31

During ovulation what is released into the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 31

Oocyte, zona pellucida and corona radiata

Question 32

The corona radiata is crucial for the capture of the oocyte by the...

Answer 32

Fimbriae

Question 33

Remnants of the follicle form the...

Answer 33

Corpus luteum

Question 34

The corpus luteum produces...

Answer 34

Steroid hormones

Question 35

The luteal phase is marked by the...

Answer 35

Development of the corpus luteum

Question 36

During the luteal phase the granulosa cells fill with...

Answer 36

Lipid

Question 37

A major product of the luteal phase is...

Answer 37

Progesterone

Question 38

Due to the increase in LH, oestrogen levels during the luteal phase...

Answer 38

Decrease (but later rebound)

Question 39

If there is no pregnancy, the corpus luteum is broken down to the...

Answer 39

Corpus albicans

Question 40

If there is pregnancy the hormone...

Answer 40

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is released

Question 41

Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones involved in ovarian cycle (3)...

Answer 41

* Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) * Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) * Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 42

Ovarian hormones involved in the ovarian cycle (3)...

Answer 42

* Oestrogen * Progesterone * Inhibin A & B

Question 43

LH acts on theca cells to promote...

Answer 43

Androgen production

Question 44

LH acts on granulosa cells to secrete...

Answer 44

Progesterone

Question 45

LH maintains the...

Answer 45

Corpus luteum

Question 46

Ovulation is triggered by...

Answer 46

A surge in LH in the last 1-2 days of the cycle

Question 47

The release of GnRH is...

Answer 47

Pulsatile

Question 48

Low frequency GnRH release is associated with increased...

Answer 48

FSH

Question 49

High frequency GnRH release is associated with increased...

Answer 49

LH

Question 50

FSH prevents apoptosis of...

Answer 50

Antral follicles

Question 51

Aromatase levels are increased by...

Answer 51

FSH

Question 52

Aromatase converts...

Answer 52

Androgens to estrogens

Question 53

In the late follicular phase (preovulatory), FSH induces...

Answer 53

LH receptors in granulosa cells

Question 54

Oestrogens are the dominant hormone in which phase?

Answer 54

Follicular phase (pre-ovulation)

Question 55

Progesterone is the dominant hormone in which phase?

Answer 55

Luteal phase (post-ovulation)

Question 56

Inhibin A and B represses secretion of...

Answer 56

FSH

Question 57

Inhibin A and B are secreted by granulosa cells in both...

Answer 57

The follicular phase and the corpus luteum