L28 Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

The adrenal glands are located on the…

A

Top of the kidneys

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2
Q

A transverse section of the adrenal gland shows ? surrounded by ?

A

Medulla surrounded by cortex

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3
Q

The adrenal medulla is made from which type of tissue?

a) muscle
b) epithelial
c) neuronal
d) connective

A

c) neuronal

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4
Q

The further development of the neuronal cells in the medulla to form mature nerve cells (with axons etc.) is prevented by…

A

Cortisol

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5
Q

Adrenalin is which type of hormone?

a) amino acid
b) steroid
c) lipid

A

a) amino acid

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6
Q

Adrenalin is released from the…

A

Adrenal medulla

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7
Q

Adrenalin is also known as…

A

Epinephrine

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8
Q

The cortex is divided into 3 layers…

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis

(from inner to outermost)

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9
Q

The zona glomerulosa produces…

A

Aldosterone

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10
Q

The zona fasciculata produces…

A

Cortisol and androgens

Mainly cortisol

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11
Q

The zona reticularis produces…

A

Cortisol and androgens

Mainly androgens

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12
Q

The main product of the adrenal glands by mass are…

A

Androgens from the Zona reticularis

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13
Q

The main product of the adrenal medulla is…

A

Adrenalin (epinephrine)

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14
Q

The cortex produces steroid hormones, so is said to be…

A

Steroidogenic

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15
Q

Aldosterone is a major…

A

Mineralocorticoid

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16
Q

Mineralocorticoids influence…

A

Salt and water balance

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17
Q

50-70% of aldosterone is bound to…

A

Albumin in the plasma

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18
Q

Aldosterone has a half life of only 15-20 minutes. Thus, like all steroid hormones, it is…

A

Produced on demand

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19
Q

The release of aldosterone is triggered mainly by…

A

Angiotensin II

20
Q

Cumulatively, the effects of aldosterone ( increase / decrease ) blood pressure…

21
Q

The production of cortisol starts with the release of ? from the hypothalamus…

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

22
Q

CRH binds at corticotrophs in the…

A

Anterior pituitary

23
Q

In response to CRH, the anterior pituitary releases…

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

24
Q

ACTH triggers release of…

A

Cortisol by the adrenal cortex

25
ACTH binds to a...
G-Protein coupled receptor
26
ACTH activates what kind of pathway?
cAMP dependent pathway
27
The synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol is catalysed by the enzyme...
P450 SCC in mitochondria
28
Cortisol is a major...
Glucocorticoid
29
Cortisol effects... a) Muscle tissue b) Nearly all tissues c) Neuronal tissue d) Hepatic tissue
b) Nearly all tissues
30
90% of cortisol is...
Bound to plasma proteins
31
Glucocorticoids like cortisol can be used as drugs to reduce...
Inflammation
32
Aldosterone is structural similar to cortisol. Thus they contribute mutually to each others...
Effects
33
Cortisol ( can / cannot ) cross the blood-brain barrier
Can (and so modulates brain activity)
34
Cortisol is anti-inflammatory and...
Immunosuppressant
35
Cortisol increases vascular sensitivity to...
Epinephrine/norepinephrine
36
Cortisol inhibits the gonadal release of...
Sex hormones
37
Aldosterone makes a small contribution to...
Glucocorticoid effects
38
Cortisol makes a significant (about 25%) contribution to...
Mineralocorticoid effects
39
Addison's disease is a...
Primary andrenocorticoid insufficiency
40
The causes of Addison's disease are...
* 80% autoimmune, adrenal atrophy | * 20% infection, malignancy or medication
41
Addison's disease causes deficiencies in...
Cortisol and mineralocorticoids
42
Symptoms of Addison's disease include (6)...
🔻cortisol • Weakness & fatigue • Anorexia • Hypoglycemia 🔻mineralocorticoids • Dehydration • Acidosis • Hypotension
43
Cushing's syndrome is a...
Chronic glucocorticoid (cortisol) excess
44
Cushing's disease (as distinct from Cushing's syndrome) is caused by...
A tumor
45
Symptoms of Cushing's syndrome include (3)...
* Moon face * Weight gain * Skinny limbs