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Cell Biology > L28 Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

L28 Adrenal Glands Flashcards

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1
Q

The adrenal glands are located on the…

A

Top of the kidneys

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2
Q

A transverse section of the adrenal gland shows ? surrounded by ?

A

Medulla surrounded by cortex

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3
Q

The adrenal medulla is made from which type of tissue?

a) muscle
b) epithelial
c) neuronal
d) connective

A

c) neuronal

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4
Q

The further development of the neuronal cells in the medulla to form mature nerve cells (with axons etc.) is prevented by…

A

Cortisol

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5
Q

Adrenalin is which type of hormone?

a) amino acid
b) steroid
c) lipid

A

a) amino acid

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6
Q

Adrenalin is released from the…

A

Adrenal medulla

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7
Q

Adrenalin is also known as…

A

Epinephrine

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8
Q

The cortex is divided into 3 layers…

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis

(from inner to outermost)

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9
Q

The zona glomerulosa produces…

A

Aldosterone

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10
Q

The zona fasciculata produces…

A

Cortisol and androgens

Mainly cortisol

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11
Q

The zona reticularis produces…

A

Cortisol and androgens

Mainly androgens

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12
Q

The main product of the adrenal glands by mass are…

A

Androgens from the Zona reticularis

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13
Q

The main product of the adrenal medulla is…

A

Adrenalin (epinephrine)

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14
Q

The cortex produces steroid hormones, so is said to be…

A

Steroidogenic

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15
Q

Aldosterone is a major…

A

Mineralocorticoid

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16
Q

Mineralocorticoids influence…

A

Salt and water balance

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17
Q

50-70% of aldosterone is bound to…

A

Albumin in the plasma

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18
Q

Aldosterone has a half life of only 15-20 minutes. Thus, like all steroid hormones, it is…

A

Produced on demand

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19
Q

The release of aldosterone is triggered mainly by…

A

Angiotensin II

20
Q

Cumulatively, the effects of aldosterone ( increase / decrease ) blood pressure…

A

Increase

21
Q

The production of cortisol starts with the release of ? from the hypothalamus…

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

22
Q

CRH binds at corticotrophs in the…

A

Anterior pituitary

23
Q

In response to CRH, the anterior pituitary releases…

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

24
Q

ACTH triggers release of…

A

Cortisol by the adrenal cortex

25
Q

ACTH binds to a…

A

G-Protein coupled receptor

26
Q

ACTH activates what kind of pathway?

A

cAMP dependent pathway

27
Q

The synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol is catalysed by the enzyme…

A

P450 SCC in mitochondria

28
Q

Cortisol is a major…

A

Glucocorticoid

29
Q

Cortisol effects…

a) Muscle tissue
b) Nearly all tissues
c) Neuronal tissue
d) Hepatic tissue

A

b) Nearly all tissues

30
Q

90% of cortisol is…

A

Bound to plasma proteins

31
Q

Glucocorticoids like cortisol can be used as drugs to reduce…

A

Inflammation

32
Q

Aldosterone is structural similar to cortisol. Thus they contribute mutually to each others…

A

Effects

33
Q

Cortisol ( can / cannot ) cross the blood-brain barrier

A

Can (and so modulates brain activity)

34
Q

Cortisol is anti-inflammatory and…

A

Immunosuppressant

35
Q

Cortisol increases vascular sensitivity to…

A

Epinephrine/norepinephrine

36
Q

Cortisol inhibits the gonadal release of…

A

Sex hormones

37
Q

Aldosterone makes a small contribution to…

A

Glucocorticoid effects

38
Q

Cortisol makes a significant (about 25%) contribution to…

A

Mineralocorticoid effects

39
Q

Addison’s disease is a…

A

Primary andrenocorticoid insufficiency

40
Q

The causes of Addison’s disease are…

A
  • 80% autoimmune, adrenal atrophy

* 20% infection, malignancy or medication

41
Q

Addison’s disease causes deficiencies in…

A

Cortisol and mineralocorticoids

42
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s disease include (6)…

A

🔻cortisol
• Weakness & fatigue
• Anorexia
• Hypoglycemia

🔻mineralocorticoids
• Dehydration
• Acidosis
• Hypotension

43
Q

Cushing’s syndrome is a…

A

Chronic glucocorticoid (cortisol) excess

44
Q

Cushing’s disease (as distinct from Cushing’s syndrome) is caused by…

A

A tumor

45
Q

Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome include (3)…

A
  • Moon face
  • Weight gain
  • Skinny limbs

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