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Anatomy Block 3 > L24 Mediastinum 1 > Flashcards

L24 Mediastinum 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

space in the thorax that contains all the non-lung thoracic viscera

Space between the pleural cavities

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2
Q

the mediastinum is not only a location for_____, but also the important ____ through the thorax to other regions of the body

A

thoracic organs

conduit

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3
Q

Mediastinal structures are ___ and surrounded by
_____

A

highly mobile

loose connective tissues

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4
Q

label the borders of the mediastinum: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, lateral

A
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5
Q

superior mediastinum wall

A

superior thoracic aperture

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6
Q

inferior

A

finish slide 4

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7
Q

what regions are in the mediastinum

A

superior
inferior

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8
Q

superior mediastinum

A

transverse thoracic plane T4/T5

structures communicating with neck, thymus

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9
Q

inferior mediastinum (3 plus roles)

A

anterior: very few structures of note

middle: heart and pericardial cavity

posterior: structures communicating with the abdomen

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10
Q

thymus

A

superior mediastinum

lymph organ positioned anteriorly in the superior mediastinum

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11
Q

the thymus is well developed and extensive in ___. location in youth?

A

youth

extends from superior mediastinum into anterior mediastinum

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12
Q

thymus in adults

A

degenerates into fatty mass and recedes

finish slide 6

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13
Q

___ system transports fluids around the body and is composed of the ____ and ___ systems, which do:

A
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14
Q

heart

A

muscular pump driving the flow of blood

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15
Q

blood vessels have three types

A

artery

vein

capillary

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16
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart

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17
Q

veins

A

carry blood to the heart and often run adjacent to arteries of the same area

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18
Q

capillaries

A

sites of nutrient/waste exchange

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19
Q

arteries have to move blood under ___ pressure, and therefore have

A

high

thicker, muscular walls

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20
Q

arterial vessels ___ in size further from the heart

A

decrease

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21
Q

elastic artery

A

largest arteries expand when
blood is pushed and recoil to aid in blood pumping

closest to heart

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22
Q

muscular artery

A

primary transport arteries to
organs or locations

arms
intercostal

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23
Q

arteriole

A

change diameter to control flow

inner region transport from artery to capillary

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24
Q

veins transport blood under ___ pressure and have __

A

lower

thinner walls, valves to combat gravity (prevent backflow) and musculovenous pump

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25
Q

vein vessels ___ in size closer to heart

A

increase

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26
Q

venule

A

vein

collection of blood from capillary bed, extravasation of leukocytes

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27
Q

medium veins

A

organ and regional veins maintain flow towards proximally

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28
Q

large vein

A

major vessels collecting all the smaller tributaries and return blood to the heart

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29
Q

____ pressure ___ blood requires extra assistance in
returning against the flow of gravity.

A

low

venous

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30
Q

many distal veins in the extremities are located adjacent to_____. _____ of the muscles (in conjunction with
the valves) helps drive blood ____

A

large
muscle bellies

Contraction

back up toward the heart.

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31
Q

Distal veins tend to have ___ that allow only ___ flow

A

valves

unidirectional

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32
Q

Failure of valves results in

A

varicose veins – veins distended
with pooled blood

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33
Q

great vessels

A

the largest veins, elastic arteries associated with the heart itself

occur at T4/T5

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34
Q

superior vena cava

A

head and neck down to heart

right side of heart (drains in right atrium)

brachiocephalic veins (L and R)

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35
Q

inferior vena cava

A

abdomen to the heart

not in superior mediastinum

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36
Q

ascending aorta

A

aorta that goes up

37
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

branches into L and R pulmonary arteries

carries oxygen-poor blood to lungs, but is an artery

includes ligamentum arteriuosum

38
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A

rememnant of fetal circulation shunt

and plays important role for nerves

39
Q

pulmonary veins

A

oxygen rich blood from pulmonary system to left side of heart

40
Q

arch of the aorta

A

posterolateral curvature from ascending to descending aorta

41
Q

vessels that come off of arch of aorta

A

brachiocephalic trunk (goes to UE and head, fused of the next two on the right side which makes it equal on both sides))

left common carotid artery

left subclavian artery

42
Q

thoracic/descending aorta

A

T4/T5 to T12

runs down left side of vertebral bodies

43
Q

thoracic/descending aorta at T12

A

finsih

44
Q

azygos system veins

A

variable and asymmetric system of valveless veins that drain the back, thoracoabdominal walls, mediastinum

45
Q

azygos veins are on the ___ side of vertebral bodies and drains to

A

right SVC via arch of azygos

46
Q

hemiazygos vein is on the ____ side of vertebral bodies and drains

A

inferior left

into azygos vein at T9

47
Q

accessory hemiazygos

A

finish slide 15

48
Q

every blood vessel is lined by a

A

simple squamous epithelium

49
Q

if a space in the body has blood in it, it needs to be surrounded by ___

A

endothelium

50
Q
A
51
Q

finish slide 17

A
52
Q

blood vessel has 3 layers

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

53
Q

tunica intima

A

innermost

endothelium

subendothelial layer of loose CT

internal elastic lamina

54
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer of blood vessel

smooth muscle

external elastic lamina

55
Q

tunica adventitia (externa)

A

outer layer of blood vessel

dense irregular CT

autonomic nerves

vasa vasorum (vessel in vessel)

56
Q

label/draw artery and vein layers

A
57
Q

histo of tunica intima

A

endothelium lines vessel lumen, subendothelial connective tissue supports endothelium and internal elastic lamina results in wavy appearance

58
Q

histo of tunica media

A

in arteries the smooth muscle layer tends to dominate, external elastic lamina also presents wavy appearance

59
Q

histo of tunica adventitia

A

connective tissue layer is dense, think and irregular

60
Q

draw histo slide of three vessel layers

A
61
Q

elastic arteries histo

A

largest arteries closest to the heart

tunica media is much thicker than the tunica adventitia

FIISH SLIDE 20

62
Q
A

elastic arteries

63
Q

__ and ___ overlap with initial symptoms

A

aortic dissection and myocardial infarction

64
Q

aortic dissection facts

A

5-10 cases per 100,000 people annually and increasing

common in men than women and more common in older individuals

65
Q

what happens in aortic dissection

A

Tears in the tunica intima permit high pressure aortic
blood to push into the potential space between intima and media layers

Can occur anywhere along the entire length from
ascending aorta to abdominal aorta

66
Q

what happens in aortic aneurysm

A

Different from aortic aneurysm where the entire wall fails
and stretches (or ruptures)

67
Q

muscular arteries histo

A

FINISH SLIDE 22

68
Q
A
69
Q

arterioles

A

FINISH SLIDE 22

70
Q
A

arterioles

71
Q
A

arterioles

72
Q
A

arterioles

73
Q

three types of capillaries

A

continuous (type 1) capillaries

fenestrated (type 2) capillaries

discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries

74
Q

continuous/type 1 capillaries

A

Lumen is 5 – 10 μm wide

Very common (e.g., lung, heart, skin,
muscle)

Uninterrupted endothelium & basal lamina

Exchange is highly regulated

75
Q
A
76
Q

fenestrated/type 2 capillaries

A

Lumen is 15 – 20 μm wide

Restricted to endocrine glands and
absorptive organs (e.g., GI tract,
gallbladder, and kidney)

Fenestrations (50 nm pores) in endothelial
cells allow passage of small molecules &
proteins

77
Q
A
78
Q

finish slide 24

A
79
Q

slide 25

A
80
Q

esophagus

A

Gastrointestinal conduit between the pharynx (neck) and stomach (abdomen)

Flattened muscular tube

Between trachea and vertebral bodies (superior to T4/T5)

Between pericardial cavity and vertebrae (inferior to T4/T5)

81
Q
A
82
Q

there are places where the esophagus is ____ by adjacent structures representing potential points where __

A

compressed

swallowed material can get trapped

83
Q

esophageal constrictions

A

Neck – cricoid cartilage

Thorax – structures of the
transverse thoracic plane

Abdominal diaphragm –
esophagus passes through
esophageal hiatus of
diaphragm at T10

84
Q

nerves of the mediastinum

A

phrenic

vagus

sympathetic chain

85
Q

phrenic nerve

A

superior and middle mediastinum

anterior to the root of the lung

86
Q

vagus nerve

A

superior and posterior mediastinum

posterior to the root of the lung

87
Q

sympathetic chain

A

superior and posterior mediastinum

along lateral side of the vertebral bodies

88
Q

abdominoplevic splanchnic nerves

A

sympathetic innervation to abdominopelvic viscera arising from thoracic paravertebral ganglia

greater T5-9

lesser T10-11

least T12

89
Q

SLIDES 30-32

A

Anatomy Block 3 (7 decks)

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