L22 - the brain

Question 1

what is the brain stem connected to?

Answer 1

spinal cord (brain stem comes up from spinal cord)

Question 2

what is the mid brain?

Answer 2

middle of brain, helps cortex do its job

Question 3

what does the brain stem do?

Answer 3

essential subconscious things (e.g respiration, BR, HR)

Question 4

what does the cortex do?

Answer 4

conscious decision making, higher order thinking (emotions, memory, mood)

Question 5

as you go up the brain it becomes more?

Answer 5

evolutionary advanced

Question 6

bigger cortex =

Answer 6

more evolutionary advanced]

Question 7

cerebral cortex (cortical structures)

Answer 7

• subdivided into lobes
• frontal lobes: front
• occipital lobe: back
• temporal lobes where ears are
• parietal lobe (underneath crown of skull)

Question 8

somatosensory cortex

Answer 8

receives input from sense of touch (mechanoceptors)

Question 9

functional localisation in the cerebral cortex

Answer 9

• somatosensory (somatic) cortex
• motor cortex
• visual cortex
• auditory cortex

Question 10

motor cortex

Answer 10

neurones responsible for providing output to skeletal muscle to move it

Question 11

ascending pathways

Answer 11

neuronal pathway goes from spinal cord up to brain

Question 12

descending pathway

Answer 12

neurone that starts in brain then goes down to spinal cord to provide output to periphery

Question 13

voluntary movement

Answer 13

• involves primary visual cortex: receives input from eyes (tells brain what eyes are seeing)
• secondary visual cortex: interprets what out eyes tell us

Question 14

premotor cortex in voluntary movement

Answer 14

provides output to skeletal muscle in right order (e.g walking)

Question 15

frontal cortex in voluntary movement

Answer 15

mood, emotion, executive control (risk benefit analysis, decision making)

Question 16

wenicke’s area in voluntary movement

Answer 16

responsible for language, and when you read

Question 17

broca’s area in voluntary movement

Answer 17

involved when you actually speak and write (learns language and interprets what ears hear)

Question 18

basal ganglia in midbrain

Answer 18

• allow different parts of cortex to communicate with each other

Question 19

prefrontal cortex

Answer 19

involved in personality

Question 20

cerebellum

Answer 20

• involved in motor memory/ skeletal muscle movement
• once you learn how to ride bike, you can do it forever

Question 21

which region of the brain contains the primary visual cortex?

Answer 21

occipital lobe

Question 22

fast neurotransmitter examples

Answer 22

Glutamate and GABA

Question 23

what is glutamate?

Answer 23

• excitatory
• opens ligand gated ion channels (Na+)

Question 24

what is GABA?

Answer 24

• inhibitory
• opens ligand gated ion channels (Cl-)

Question 25

examples of slow NT's

Answer 25

5-HT, ACh, dopaminę, noradrenaline/ norapinephrine

Question 26

what do slow NT's do?

Answer 26

activate G-protein coupled receptors, have more slow physiological effect

Question 27

which lobe is the somatosensory cortex localised?

Answer 27

parietal lobe

Question 28

which lobe is the motor cortex localised in?

Answer 28

frontal lobe

Question 29

which lobe is the auditory cortex located in?

Answer 29

temporal lobe