L22 Animal Metabolism

Question 1

what is metabolism?

Answer 1

the sum total of all chemical reactions in the body

Question 2

what does metabolism concern?

Answer 2

the management of energy

Question 3

what are heterotrophs?

Answer 3

organisms that must get energy from food cannot synthesise own fuel

Question 4

what is the summary of cellular respiration?

Answer 4

the burning of carbohydrates in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP and carbon dixoide

Question 5

Give the chemical equation of cellular respiration

Answer 5

C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 +H2O + ATP + HEAT

Question 6

Summarise Cellular Respiration

Answer 6

1) Food is consumed and digested
2) Glycolysis - glucose is broken down to pyruvate (2 ATP produced)
3) Kreb’s Cycle - pyruvate enters mitochondria and aerobically produces 2 more ATP
4) Oxidative Phosphorylation - NADH and FADH2 enter ETC and 34 ATP are produced aerobically

Question 7

How many ATP produced during Glycolysis?

Answer 7

2 ATP

Question 8

How many ATP produced during Kreb’s Cycle?

Answer 8

2 ATP

Question 9

How many ATP produced during OxPhos?

Answer 9

34 ATP

Question 10

What process is anaerobic in Cellular Respiration? (Consumption/Glycolysis/Kreb’s/OxPhos)

Answer 10

Glycolysis

Question 11

What processes are aerobic in Cellular Respiration? (Consumption/Glycolysis/Kreb’s/OxPhos)

Answer 11

Kreb’s and OxPhos

Question 12

Why do we have lungs?

Answer 12

because the process of cellular respiration is mostly aerobic

Question 13

what allows rapid bursts of movement consuming lots of energy?

Answer 13

anaerobic processes - too sudden to use oxygen example glycolysis

Question 14

what are examples of factors that influence metabolic rate?

Answer 14

body size, temperature and activity

Question 15

what is the relationship between big animals and their metabolic rate?

Answer 15

linear relationship - as body mass increases, metabolic rate increases

Question 16

what is the relationship between metabolic rate and ‘per unit mass’?

Answer 16

it is a non-linear relationship

Question 17

what is interesting about metabolism in bigger animals?

Answer 17

bigger animals require less energy per kg

Question 18

what is the general function for body mass vs metabolic rate relationship?

Answer 18

mass^0.7

Question 19

what is the general function of metabolic rate vs per unit of body mass relationship?

Answer 19

0.7(mass)

Question 20

what is the general slope of the invariable relationship between body mass and metabolism?

Answer 20

0.7

Question 21

what hypothesis best explains the metabolism and per unit body mass relationship?

Answer 21

as volume of an object increases
ratio of volume to surface area changes
surface area decreases - harder to get oxygen into body
therefore metabolism decreases

Question 22

how can we track the rate of cellular respiration?

Answer 22

by monitoring the changing concentrations of reactants and products example tracking oxygen decrease

Question 23

what is used to track the depletion of oxygen?

Answer 23

respirometer/ oxygen electrode probe

Question 24

what type of relationship is seen between metabolic rate and temperature?

Answer 24

an exponential power curve - as temperature increases metabolism increases,
rapid increase in metabolism after 25 degrees celsius

Question 25

what happens metabolic rate every 10 degree temperature increase

Answer 25

it roughly doubles/ trebles

Question 26

what is the minimum cost of transport speed?

Answer 26

it is the intermediate speed which is least energy costly

Question 27

what is the minimum cost of transport speed for humans?

Answer 27

75 meters per minute

Question 28

what is the highest cost of transport speed for humans?

Answer 28

walking 25 meters/min followed by walking 150 meters/min

Question 29

what speed do animals spend most of their time travelling at?

Answer 29

75 meters per minute

Question 30

what is torpor?

Answer 30

physical and mental inactivity in attempt to conserve energy and lower metabolism - hibernation

Question 31

what lowers the metabolic rate during hibernation?

Answer 31

decrease in temperature and activity levels

Question 32

how do lizards regulate their level of metabolism?

Answer 32

fast metabolism - heat up in sun | slow metabolism - go into shade and cool down

Question 33

how do sharks regulate their metabolism?

Answer 33

based on temperatures of different latitudes in the sea, they move around

Question 34

what is a sharks desired metabolic rate?

Answer 34

22 degrees celsius

Question 35

what does a hammerhead shark do to conserve energy/ lower metabolism?

Answer 35

uses dorsal fin as a wing - saves 10% of energy

Question 36

how do mammals last so long under water without consuming more oxygen?

Answer 36

they have higher concentrations of blood in their body - can store and transport more oxygen

Question 37

how do mammals not need more oxygen for metabolism to occur?

Answer 37

myoglobin stores more oxygen, they reduce swimming activity and heart rate - decrease rate of metabolism

Question 38

what allows whales to dive really deep?

Answer 38

spermaceti - solidifying yellow wax in head sinks them to bottom

Question 39

how do whales last so long without oxygen?

Answer 39

dramatically lower their heart rate by 80% slowing metabolism and the need for oxygen