L20 - stem cells Flashcards

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1
Q

define stem cell

A

pluripotent cell that can differentiate into any cell type

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2
Q

define totipotent

A

can form any tissue / cell type / embryonic tissue

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3
Q

define pluripotent

A

can form any of the 3 germ layers (and therefore any of the derivatives of them)

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4
Q

define multipotent

A

cell that can give rise to cell types of specific tissues

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5
Q

where do embryonic stem cells come from

A

inner cell mass of blastocyst (4-5 days old)

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6
Q

what 2 things are stem cells capable of

A

self renewal

differentiation (daughter cells)

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7
Q

are embryonic stem cells multi/pluri/totipotent

A

pluripotent

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8
Q

self renewal is the _________ division of stem cells

A

symmetrical

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9
Q

differentiation is the _________ division of stem cells

A

asymmetrical

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10
Q

what is purpose of tissue stem cells

A

repair and maintenance in adult organisms

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11
Q

when does the first stage of differentiation occur during embryonic development

A

morula stage

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12
Q

what type are tissue stem cells

A

multipotent

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13
Q

where are haematopoietic stem cells located

A

in bone marrow

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14
Q

what is the function of haematopoietic stem cells (HSC)

A

can produce
1. lymphocytes
2. blood cells
(blood renewal)

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15
Q

where are mesenchymal stem cells located

A

bone marrow
adipose tissue
umbilical cord

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16
Q

function of mesenchymal stem cells

A

form

  1. bones
  2. cartilage
  3. tendons
  4. adipocytes
17
Q

what do patients have to be treated with before HSC can be collected and why

A

cytokines, they move stem cells from bone marrow to blood

18
Q

what is the function of neural stem cells

A

form new

  1. neurons
  2. astrocytes
  3. oligodendrocytes
19
Q

how can stem cells be identified

A
  1. able to differentiate

2. cells that proliferate for > 6 months without differentiating are pluripotent (long term self renewal)

20
Q

describe what is meant by stem cell niche

A

Microenvironment around stem cells that provides support and signals regulating self-renewal and differentiation
regulates SC behaviour

21
Q

how are induced pluripotent stem cells produced

A
  1. somatic cell transduced with pluripotent factors (OCT4 , SOX2, KLF4 , cMYC )
  2. produces IPSCs
22
Q

what are the yamanaka factors

A
pluripotent factors
OCT4
SOX2
KLF4
cMYC
23
Q

advantages of IPSCs?

A
  1. more ethical than embryonic SCs

2. can be generated from any somatic cell

24
Q

applications of stem cells

A
  1. treat blood diseases
  2. make skin - treat burns
  3. repair damaged cartilage / bone (mesenchymal SCs)
25
Q

what do embryonic stem cells express?

A

NANOG
OCT4
SOX2.

26
Q

what are stem cells found attached to

A

niche cells

27
Q

purpose of niche cells

A

prevent stem cells differentiating