L2 - cell types and subcellular structures Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

what is the cell theory

A
  1. all living organisms are made up of 1 or more cells
  2. the cell is the basic unit of life
  3. cells arise from existing cells by division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are prokaryotes and give examples

A

single celled organisms with no nucleus

bacteria / archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are eukaryotes and give examples

A
single or multicellular organisms that have nuclei 
animals 
plants 
fungi 
protozoans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

characteristics of prokaryotes

A

no nucleus - plasmid DNA sometimes
single celled
no membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer that surrounds cells and organnelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what can be found in the plasma membrane

A
cholesterol 
transmembrane proteins (receptors)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

roles of the plasma membrane

A

barrier
communication (receptors)
involved in import and export
enables electrical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the cytoskeleton - what are the 3 components

A

network of protein fibres

  1. actin filaments
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the main roles of the cytoskeleton

A

maintenance of shape and stability
involved in cell division
cell movement (as a whole)
movement of particles within cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what can be found in the cytoplasm

A
high [protein] eg. enzymes 
free ribosomes 
tRNA's 
water
inclusion bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are inclusion bodies

A

glycogen granules (energy store)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the plasma membrane of the nucleus

A

two lipid layers (nuclear envelope) that contains pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the cytoplasm of the nucleus called

A

nucleoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what can be found in the nucleus

A

chromosomes (DNA)
packaging proteins (histones)
gene regulatory proteins
nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

controls cellular processes

site of RNA synthesis and processing (splicing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus

A

site of ribosome synthesis

can capture regulatory proteins for further regulation

17
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of interconnected membrane vesicles (cisternae)

18
Q

where is the Rough ER located?

A

continuous with outer nuclear membrane

19
Q

function of rough ER

A

protein synthesis (eg transmembrane proteins)

20
Q

what makes the RER rough?

A

ribosomes on the surface

21
Q

function of smooth ER

A

synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones

22
Q

what other functions does the SER have in cells of the liver

A

involved in:
detoxification
release of glucose from liver

23
Q

what is the golgi body

A

a stack of flattened membrane vesicles

24
Q

function of the golgi body

A

modification of proteins before secretion

25
Q

what is the order a protein will travel through organelles

A

RER - Cis gogli - Trans golgi - secretory vesicles

26
Q

describe the plasma membrane of mitochondria

A

double membrane

inner folded into cristae with a high content of transmembrane proteins

27
Q

functions of the mitochondria

A
metabolism & energy release
    krebs cycle
    oxidative phosphorylation 
produce heat 
store Ca2+
involved in apoptosis
28
Q

function of lysosomes

A

breakdown unwanted proteins/membranes/organelles/ particles

29
Q

what is the pH of lysosomes and why?

A

4.5-5

optimum pH for degradative enzymes

30
Q

function of peroxisomes

A

degrade FAs and toxic compounds by oxidation

produce precursors for many reactions

31
Q

what enzyme is found in peroxisomes and what is its function

A

catalase which neutralises any H2O2 produced in oxidation