L19- defects in development Flashcards

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1
Q

what % of newborns congenital defect

A

3-4%

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2
Q

when is embryo most susceptible to congenital defects and infectious agents

A

first 3-8 weeks (embryonic period)

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3
Q

what organs are most commonly affected congenitally during development

A

heart and circulatory system

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4
Q

what % of births have some type of defect

A

20%

of this, 25% major 25% minor

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5
Q

what structure gives rise to the CNS

A

neural tube

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6
Q

examples of endodermal defects

A
absent lung (lung aplasia)
omphacoele (bowel in umbilical cord)
oesophageal fistula (oesophagus connects to trachea)
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7
Q

derivatives of the neural crest

A
(PNS) 
sensory neurons
autonomic neurons 
schwann cells
smooth muscle
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8
Q

what germ layer gives rise to neural crest

A

ectoderm

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9
Q

what does epiblast give rise to

A

3 germ layers

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10
Q

what defect can drinking alcohol whilst pregnant lead to

A

fetal alcohol syndrome - small head

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11
Q

examples of mesodermal defects

A

skeletal defects
limb bone defects (Liebenberg syndrome)
polydactyly

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12
Q

what protein promotes formation of digits

A

sonic hedgehog (SHH)

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13
Q

examples of ectodermal defects

A

spina difida

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