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BIO232 Plant Ecology > L2 Time > Flashcards

L2 Time Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name for the current geological time period and when did it begin

A

holocene, 11,700 years ago

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2
Q

how long ago was the extinction of dinosaurs

A

65 million years ago

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3
Q

in what geological time period was the extinction of the dinosaurs

A

cretaceous

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4
Q

what is missing in non-vascular plants

A

xylem and phloem

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5
Q

what is the benefit of a vascular system

A

allows plants to grow taller

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6
Q

what were the first plants

A

charophytes - a group of green algae

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7
Q

what developed after charophytes

A

bryophytes

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8
Q

what developed after bryophytes

A

early vascular plants - seedless
ferns and horsetails

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9
Q

what were the first seed plants

A

gymnosperms - conifers and pines

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10
Q

what is the evolution and diversification of angiosperms often referred to as

A

the radiation of flowering plants

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11
Q

when was the precambrian period

A

650 million years ago

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12
Q

when were the earliest forms of plant life found and what were they

A

precambrian (650 MYA) - algae

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13
Q

how was land mass arranged in the precambrian period

A

into a supercontinent = Rodinia

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14
Q

when were the Cambrian and Ordovician periods and what plant form was present

A

540-440 million years ago
aquatic life dominated by algae

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15
Q

what followed the Ordovician period and when was it

A

Silurian period
440-410 million years ago

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16
Q

what key event occured in the Silurian period for plants

A

soil developement led to movememnt out of water

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17
Q

what is the name for the extinct group of primitive land plants

A

Cooksonia

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18
Q

does the Cooksonia have vascular tissue

A

yes, is the oldest known plant to have a stem with vascular tissue

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19
Q

what were Cooksonia a transition between

A

primitive non-vascular bryophytes and vascular plants

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20
Q

where are most of the type specimens of Cooksonia found

A

UK

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21
Q

what ways did a plant need to adapt in order to survive on land

A

surface to prevent drying out
pores for gas exchange and water regulation
vascular system to distribute water, minerals and food
support to give structure to plant body + grow taller
anchoring system
fertilisation without aqueous environment

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22
Q

what surface do plants have to prevent drying out

A

thick and waxy cuticle

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23
Q

pores for gas exchange and regulation of water loss =

A

stomata

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24
Q

vascular system to distribute water, minerals anfd food =

A

xylem and phloem

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25
support to give structure to the plant body andn allows them to grow taller =
vascular tissue and lignin
26
anchoring system =
roots
27
accomplish fertilisation without aqueous environment =
pollen (wind or insect dispersal)
28
what is the purpose of having a formant embryo
ability to wait for suitable environmental conditions before sprouting
29
when were the first forests and what geological time periods were they found
Devonian and Carboniferous 395-286 million years ago
30
when did gymnosperms develop
Devonian and Carboniferous
31
what was the structure of land masses in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods
supercontinent Pangea
32
what changes occured in the global climate in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods
changed from warm, humid and ice-free to cooler, drier climates with extensive glaciation
33
where was the extensive glaciation found
high latitudes of Southern hemisphere
34
what is the scientific name for the ‘scale tree’
Lepidodendron
35
what are the Lepidodendron
axtinct genus of primitive tree
36
what are Lepidodendrons related to
clubmosses (seedless vascular plants)
37
what genus do present day ‘clubmosses’ belong to and are they true mosses
Lycopodium not really a moss as it has a vascular system
38
what are the Calamites
an extinct genus od arborescent (trees) horsetails
39
when were Carboniferous swamp forests present and what did they result in
350-300 million years ago resulting in coal formation
40
what caused a drop in carbon dioxide in the carboniferous period
CO2 removed by plant growth and limestone rock formation carbon not released by decaying plants (did not have time to fully decay)
41
when was the evolution of gymnosperms
early Carboniferous period ~ 360 million years ago
42
when was the upper Permian period
~ 260 million years ago
43
what proprtion of global flora was gymnosperms in the Upper Permian period
60%
44
what does it mean to say that gymnosperms have ‘naked seeds’
their seeds are not enclosed in an ovule
45
do gymnopserms have flowers or fruits
neither
46
4 groups of extant gymnopserms
conifers, cyads, Ginko biobla, Gnetales
47
what is the general structure of a cyad
palm like leaves with large cone
48
where is Ginko biloba found
only found in China
49
what are the three genuses of Gnetales
Ephedra Gnetum Welwitschia
50
where are Ephedra found
arid areas
51
where are Gnetum found
tropical evergreens
52
what is the single extant species od Weleitschia and where is it found
Welwitschia mirabilis endemic to Namib desert of Namiba and Angola
53
when did the first flowering plants appear and what geological time period was this
~ 140 million years ago in the Cretaceous period
54
by which point had angiosperms become globally dominant
early Tertiary - 65 million years ago
55
where did the earliest angiosperms develop
near the equator = palaeotropics
56
how long after after the first vascular plants did angiosperms appear
300 million years later
57
what group do grasses belong to
angiosperms
58
what occured during the Eocene Epoch
appearance of grasses
59
how many species of grasses are there
10,000
60
what role to grasses play in the human diets
provide 52% of the carbohydrates
61
how has India moved through time and what did this form
moved from SOuthern to northern hemisphere forming the himalayas
62
how do clouds interact with a mountain
clouds drop rain on the side of the mountain they approach first leaving the other side to become arid
63
how are plants classified into biomes
according to structural character of vegetation (physiognomy)
64
what was the climate in the early carboniferous period
narroe tropical everwet (China, Scandinacia, Greenland, N America) higher palaeolatitudes had warm temperature ice in the South
65
what was the climate in the Permian period and what plants radiated
radiation of gymnosperms increasing global warmth and aridity no ice
66
what was the climate in the Eocene period and what plamts were present
all floras dominated by woody plants land area is almost completely forested, no ice and little desert tropical everwet, evergreen angiosperms with large leves (modern tropical forests)
67
when was the Eocene
during the Tertiary period 55-34 million years ago
68
what plant is a characteristic fossil of the Eocene
Mangrove plant
69
what plants are present in Britain at the end of the Tertiary period
tropical flora gone, more typical European forest

BIO232 Plant Ecology (15 decks)

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