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BIO232 Plant Ecology > L2 Time > Flashcards

L2 Time Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name for the current geological time period and when did it begin

A

holocene, 11,700 years ago

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2
Q

how long ago was the extinction of dinosaurs

A

65 million years ago

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3
Q

in what geological time period was the extinction of the dinosaurs

A

cretaceous

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4
Q

what is missing in non-vascular plants

A

xylem and phloem

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5
Q

what is the benefit of a vascular system

A

allows plants to grow taller

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6
Q

what were the first plants

A

charophytes - a group of green algae

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7
Q

what developed after charophytes

A

bryophytes

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8
Q

what developed after bryophytes

A

early vascular plants - seedless
ferns and horsetails

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9
Q

what were the first seed plants

A

gymnosperms - conifers and pines

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10
Q

what is the evolution and diversification of angiosperms often referred to as

A

the radiation of flowering plants

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11
Q

when was the precambrian period

A

650 million years ago

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12
Q

when were the earliest forms of plant life found and what were they

A

precambrian (650 MYA) - algae

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13
Q

how was land mass arranged in the precambrian period

A

into a supercontinent = Rodinia

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14
Q

when were the Cambrian and Ordovician periods and what plant form was present

A

540-440 million years ago
aquatic life dominated by algae

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15
Q

what followed the Ordovician period and when was it

A

Silurian period
440-410 million years ago

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16
Q

what key event occured in the Silurian period for plants

A

soil developement led to movememnt out of water

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17
Q

what is the name for the extinct group of primitive land plants

A

Cooksonia

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18
Q

does the Cooksonia have vascular tissue

A

yes, is the oldest known plant to have a stem with vascular tissue

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19
Q

what were Cooksonia a transition between

A

primitive non-vascular bryophytes and vascular plants

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20
Q

where are most of the type specimens of Cooksonia found

A

UK

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21
Q

what ways did a plant need to adapt in order to survive on land

A

surface to prevent drying out
pores for gas exchange and water regulation
vascular system to distribute water, minerals and food
support to give structure to plant body + grow taller
anchoring system
fertilisation without aqueous environment

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22
Q

what surface do plants have to prevent drying out

A

thick and waxy cuticle

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23
Q

pores for gas exchange and regulation of water loss =

A

stomata

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24
Q

vascular system to distribute water, minerals anfd food =

A

xylem and phloem

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25
Q

support to give structure to the plant body andn allows them to grow taller =

A

vascular tissue and lignin

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26
Q

anchoring system =

A

roots

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27
Q

accomplish fertilisation without aqueous environment =

A

pollen (wind or insect dispersal)

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28
Q

what is the purpose of having a formant embryo

A

ability to wait for suitable environmental conditions before sprouting

29
Q

when were the first forests and what geological time periods were they found

A

Devonian and Carboniferous
395-286 million years ago

30
Q

when did gymnosperms develop

A

Devonian and Carboniferous

31
Q

what was the structure of land masses in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods

A

supercontinent Pangea

32
Q

what changes occured in the global climate in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods

A

changed from warm, humid and ice-free to cooler, drier climates with extensive glaciation

33
Q

where was the extensive glaciation found

A

high latitudes of Southern hemisphere

34
Q

what is the scientific name for the ‘scale tree’

A

Lepidodendron

35
Q

what are the Lepidodendron

A

axtinct genus of primitive tree

36
Q

what are Lepidodendrons related to

A

clubmosses (seedless vascular plants)

37
Q

what genus do present day ‘clubmosses’ belong to and are they true mosses

A

Lycopodium
not really a moss as it has a vascular system

38
Q

what are the Calamites

A

an extinct genus od arborescent (trees) horsetails

39
Q

when were Carboniferous swamp forests present and what did they result in

A

350-300 million years ago
resulting in coal formation

40
Q

what caused a drop in carbon dioxide in the carboniferous period

A

CO2 removed by plant growth and limestone rock formation
carbon not released by decaying plants (did not have time to fully decay)

41
Q

when was the evolution of gymnosperms

A

early Carboniferous period ~ 360 million years ago

42
Q

when was the upper Permian period

A

~ 260 million years ago

43
Q

what proprtion of global flora was gymnosperms in the Upper Permian period

A

60%

44
Q

what does it mean to say that gymnosperms have ‘naked seeds’

A

their seeds are not enclosed in an ovule

45
Q

do gymnopserms have flowers or fruits

A

neither

46
Q

4 groups of extant gymnopserms

A

conifers,
cyads,
Ginko biobla,
Gnetales

47
Q

what is the general structure of a cyad

A

palm like leaves with large cone

48
Q

where is Ginko biloba found

A

only found in China

49
Q

what are the three genuses of Gnetales

A

Ephedra
Gnetum
Welwitschia

50
Q

where are Ephedra found

A

arid areas

51
Q

where are Gnetum found

A

tropical evergreens

52
Q

what is the single extant species od Weleitschia and where is it found

A

Welwitschia mirabilis
endemic to Namib desert of Namiba and Angola

53
Q

when did the first flowering plants appear and what geological time period was this

A

~ 140 million years ago
in the Cretaceous period

54
Q

by which point had angiosperms become globally dominant

A

early Tertiary - 65 million years ago

55
Q

where did the earliest angiosperms develop

A

near the equator = palaeotropics

56
Q

how long after after the first vascular plants did angiosperms appear

A

300 million years later

57
Q

what group do grasses belong to

A

angiosperms

58
Q

what occured during the Eocene Epoch

A

appearance of grasses

59
Q

how many species of grasses are there

A

10,000

60
Q

what role to grasses play in the human diets

A

provide 52% of the carbohydrates

61
Q

how has India moved through time and what did this form

A

moved from SOuthern to northern hemisphere forming the himalayas

62
Q

how do clouds interact with a mountain

A

clouds drop rain on the side of the mountain they approach first leaving the other side to become arid

63
Q

how are plants classified into biomes

A

according to structural character of vegetation (physiognomy)

64
Q

what was the climate in the early carboniferous period

A

narroe tropical everwet (China, Scandinacia, Greenland, N America)
higher palaeolatitudes had warm temperature
ice in the South

65
Q

what was the climate in the Permian period and what plants radiated

A

radiation of gymnosperms
increasing global warmth and aridity
no ice

66
Q

what was the climate in the Eocene period and what plamts were present

A

all floras dominated by woody plants
land area is almost completely forested, no ice and little desert
tropical everwet, evergreen angiosperms with large leves (modern tropical forests)

67
Q

when was the Eocene

A

during the Tertiary period
55-34 million years ago

68
Q

what plant is a characteristic fossil of the Eocene

A

Mangrove plant

69
Q

what plants are present in Britain at the end of the Tertiary period

A

tropical flora gone, more typical European forest

BIO232 Plant Ecology (15 decks)

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