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BIO232 Plant Ecology > L12 Autecology > Flashcards

L12 Autecology Flashcards

1
Q

What is autecology

A

The study of an individual organism or species in relation to its environment

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2
Q

What kind of measurements are taken in autecology

A

Easily measured variables - light, humidity, available nutrients

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3
Q

What is the aim of autecology

A

To understand the needs, life history and behaviour of the organism or species

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4
Q

What did early autecology focus on

A

Plant adaptations to extreme environments

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5
Q

How did technical advances help autecology

A

Permitted physiological experiments under controlled laboratory conditions
Technical analysis of various parameters in the fiels (gas flux, O2 production, light)

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6
Q

How can autecology be used in climate change modelling

A

Predict nre minimum temperatures, precipitation regimes, and season length
Predict changes in vegetaion patterns - loss of forest, more deserts
Predict what will happen under different scenarios

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7
Q

What is the flora of a region

A

All wild plant species
A catalogue of plants

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8
Q

How many plant species (angiosperms, charophytes and ferns) are in the Plant Atlas 2020

A

1692

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9
Q

How many non-native plant species are there

A

1753

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10
Q

Roughly how many bryophytes are there (UK Plant atlas 2020)

A

1000

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11
Q

Give two species of buttercup which could be seperated using the prescence or absence of morphological features

A

Meadow buttercup (Ranunculus acris) and creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens)

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12
Q

How does a dichotomous key work

A

Prescence or abscence of distinctive morphological and physiological properties

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13
Q

Who published one of the first autecological books pn British flora, what was the issue with it

A

Tansley (1911)
Could not be used in the field

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14
Q

Give the leading quote in autecology and who and when it was said

A

‘Our main concern as plant ecologists is to know why a plant of this species not that, is growing in a given spot’ Clapham (1956)

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15
Q

When was Flora of the British Isles publiched and by who

A

Clapham et al (1952)

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16
Q

What was included in the Flora of the British Isles book

A

Accurate identification of all British plants plus commonly grown garden plants and well established aliens
Invaluable info concerning ecology, geographical distribution, evolutionary history, agricultural significance

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17
Q

What change in the study of British flora was seen between 1970 and 1990

A

research efforts were more detailed and specialsied

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18
Q

What kind of communities are demographical studies useful for and why

A

r-selected
Understanding how an adult tree was affected as a sapling is hard if it happened 10s of years ago

19
Q

What about British flora can be found in the journal of ecology

A

Series of autecological accounts
Over 300 species accounts
Covers both common and endangered species

20
Q

What information can be found in the ecological flora of the British Isles (Uni of York and Kew Gardens)

A

Data on 3842 higher plants species based on 130 eological and morphological characteristics
Mycorrhizal associations and fungi
Phytophagous insects

21
Q

Where are changes in distribution and abundance of plant species most pronounced

A

Lowlands

22
Q

What has been the overall trend in:
Number and size of populations
Species richness

A

Both decrease

23
Q

Total number of plant species recorded in the Plant Atlas 2020

A

3445

24
Q

What proportion of native plants have declined in distribution since the 1950s

A

> 50%

25
Q

What effect has agricultural intensification had (Plant Atlas 2020)

A

Significant declined in native species
Loss and degradation of habitats
Increased grazing

26
Q

What has caused nitrogen enrichment of soils
What effect has this had
(Plant Atlas 2020)

A

Over-fertilisation and atmospheric pollution
Favours non-native species (from warmer climates) which outcompete natives

27
Q

What effect has climate change had on the distribution of natove and non-native plants (Plant Atlas 2020)

A

Declines in some native plants
Provided species originating from warmer countries more favourable conditions

28
Q

Give an example of a plant that has been affected by draining of damp meadows

A

Devils-bit scabious

29
Q

What proportion of ancient arable wildflowers have experienced declines in distrubution

A

62%

30
Q

Give examples of native mountain plants which have declined due to climate change

A

Alpine lady fern
Alpine speedwell
Snow pearlwort

31
Q

Give an example of a Southern species which has benefitted from climate change and how it has benefitted

A

Bee orchid
Now able to spread firther North

32
Q

What can functional classification be useful for (and monitor)

A

Preserving rare populations
Predicting response to change in environment
Climate change
Soil conditions
Competiton
Human exploitation

33
Q

Who recognised functional classification

A

Ramenskii (1938)

34
Q

How many plant stratergies are there
What determines them

A

3
Environmental influecnes like stress and disturbance

35
Q

Who determined the 3 plamt stratergies

A

Grime 1977

36
Q

What are the 3 plant stratergies
When do they occur
Give an example of each

A

Low stress and low disturbance = compeitors e.g. Oak
Low disturbance and high stress = stress-tolerators e.g. Cactus
High disturbance and low stress = ruderals e.g. Dandelion

37
Q

What impacts does stress have

A

Restricts photosynthettic production
Shortages of light, water, mineral nutrients, sub-opyimal temperatures

38
Q

What is disturbance and what causes it

A

Destruction of plant biomass
Herbivores, pathogens, humans, wind, frist, drought, soil erosion, fire

39
Q

What is the CSR model
What does it propose
Where oes it come from

A

Proposes that vegetation develops in an equillibrium between
Intesnitues of stress (product constraints) S
Disturbance (physical damage) R
Competitoin (from neighbours for a scarse resource) C
Grime (1977)

40
Q

Give some examples of intensities of stress (product constraints)

A

Drought
Not enough light

41
Q

Give 2 examples of disturvance / physical damage

A

Herbivory
Humans

42
Q

What kind of plants grow when there is loww stress and low disturbance

A

Large, fast growing
High competitive avaulability to become dominant

43
Q

What is Allium ursinum
Where does it fall on the CRS model

A

Wild garlic, between R and S
Bottom middle
Little bit of disturbance is okay, can deal with stress well (low loght)

BIO232 Plant Ecology (15 decks)

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