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Neurology in Health & Disease > L2 Review of Nervous System Structure & Development; Cranial Bones > Flashcards

L2 Review of Nervous System Structure & Development; Cranial Bones Flashcards

1
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A
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2
Q

_____________ (named according to overlying skull bone)

_____________ (folds)

_____________ (furrows)

A

Lobes (named according to overlying skull bone)

Gyri (folds)

Sulci (furrows)

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3
Q

Two groups of bones in the Cranium?

A

Neurocranium (protects the brain)

Viscerocranium (assist in formation of face)

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4
Q

Identify the Neurocranial Bones (6)

A
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5
Q

Identify the Viscerocranial Bones (8)

A
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8
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9
Q

__________: Groups of nerve cell bodies with similar anatomical connections and functions

PNS vs. CNS?

A

Nuceli: Groups of nerve cell bodies with similar anatomical connections and functions

GANGLION in peripheral = NUCLEI in CNS

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10
Q

_________: Groups of nerve processes with common connections and functions following the same course

  • also called fasciculus, peduncle, lemniscus
  • Named according to direction of impulses:

CNS vs. PNS?

A

Tracts: Groups of nerve processes with common connections and functions following the same course

  • also called fasciculus, peduncle, lemniscus
  • Named according to direction of impulses:
    –e.g. corticospinal tract from “cerebral cortex” to “spinal cord”
    –e.g. spinothalamic tract from “spinal cord” to “thalamus”

NERVE in peripheral = TRACT in CNS

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11
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12
Q

Organization of Sensory Pathways: for most somatic senses there are THREE neurons between receptor and perception at cerebral cortex:

  • First Order (Primary) Neurons: Send axons into cord or brainstem. Cell body lies in the _____________
  • Second Order (Secondary) Neruon: Located in CNS. Axons Projects to _____________ (_____________)
  • Third Order (Tertiary) Neuron: Cell body located within specific nucleus of _____________. Axons project to ___________ cerebral cortex (_________________ Cortex)
A

Organization of Sensory Pathways: for most somatic senses there are THREE neurons between receptor and perception at cerebral cortex:

  • First Order (Primary) Neurons: Send axons into cord or brainstem. Cell body lies in the GANGLION
  • Second Order (Secondary) Neruon: Located in CNS. Axons Projects to Thalamus (Contralaterally)
  • Third Order (Tertiary) Neuron: Cell body located within specific nucleus of thalamus. Axons project to Ipsilateral cerebral cortex (Primary Somatosensory Cortex)
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13
Q

Organization of Motor Pathways: Serquence of TWO neurons between cerebral cortex and effector skeletal muscle

Upper Motor Neurons:

  • Cell Body Located in ____________
  • Axon Projects via ______________ to Brainstem (_______________)
  • Relays to Ventral Horn of spinal cord

Lower Motor Neuron:

  • Cell body is located in ____________
  • Axons projects to ______________
  • AKA the ____________________________________
A

Organization of Motor Pathways: Serquence of TWO neurons between cerbal cortex and effector skeletal muscle

Upper Motor Neurons:

  • Cell Body Located in Motor Cortex
  • Axon Projects via Internal Capsule to Brainstem (Decussates)
  • Relays to Ventral Horn of spinal cord

Lower Motor Neuron:

  • Cell body is located in Ventral Horn
  • Axons projects to Muscle Unit
  • AKA the Final Common Pathway
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14
Q

In general, each cerebral hemisphere perceives sensations from, and controls movements of, the _____________ side of the body

A

In general, each cerebral hemisphere perceives sensations from, and controls movements of, the contralateral side of the body

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15
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16
Q

Subdivisions of Primitive Brain

_______________ (Forebrain)

  • _______________: Paired vesicles that grow from forebrain => Cerebrum
  • ______________: Original part of forebrain => Eye Cup, Thalamus/Hypothalamus

______________ (Midbrain) => ____________

________________ (Hind Brain)

  • __________________ =>Pons, Cerebellum
  • __________________ (Caudal) => Medulla Oblongota
A

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)

  • Telencephalic Vesicles: Paired vesicles that grow from forebrain =>Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon: Original part of forebrain => Eye Cup, Thalamus/Hypothalamus

Mesencephalon (Midbrain) => Midbrain (remains unchanged)

Rhombeencephalon (Hind Brain)

  • Metencephalon =>Pons, Cerebellum
  • Myelencephalon (Caudal) => Medulla Oblongata
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17
Q

Extreme Cranial End of the primitive brain is the ________________

A

Extreme Cranial End of the primitive brain is the Lamina Terminalis

18
Q

What part of the primitive brain gives rise to the Medulla Oblongota?

A

Rhombeencephalon (Hind Brain)=> Myelencephalon (Caudal) => Medulla Oblongota

19
Q

What part of the primitive brain gives rise to the Pons/Cerebellum?

A

Rhombeencephalon (Hind Brain) => Metencephalon => Pons, Cerebellum

20
Q

What part of the primitive brain gives rise to the Eye Cup and Thalamus/Hypothalamus?

A

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)=> Diencephalon (Original part of forebrain) => Eye Cup, Thalamus/Hypothalamus

21
Q

What part of the primitive brain gives rise to the Cerebrum?

A

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)=> Telencephalic Vesicles (Paired vesicles that grow from forebrain) =>Cerebrum

22
Q

Telencephalic Vesicles (____________) encloses _____________

A

Telencephalic Vesicles (Cerebral Hemispheres): LATERAL VENTRICLES

23
Q

Diencephalon (___________) encloses _________________

A

Diencephalon (Thalamus): THIRD VENTRICLE

24
Q

Mesencephalon (___________) encloses ___________________

A

Mesencephalon (Midbrain): CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT

25
Q

Metencephalon (____________) encloses ______________________

A

Metencephalon (Pons & Cerebellum): UPPER PART OF FOURTH VENTRICLE

26
Q

Myencephalon (___________) encloses _______________________

A

Myencephalon (Medulla Oblongata): LOWER PART OF FOURTH VENTRICLE

27
Q

What encloses the Lateral Ventricles?

A

Telencephalic Vesicles (Cerebral Hemispheres)

28
Q

What encloses the Third Ventricle?

A

Diencephalon (Thalamus)

29
Q

What encloses the Cerebral Aquaduct?

A

Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

30
Q

What encloses the UPPER Part of the Fourth Ventricle?

A

Metencephalon (Pons & Cerebellum)

31
Q

What encloses the LOWER Part of the Fourth Ventricle?

A

Myencephalon (Medulla Oblongata)

32
Q

Mechanism of Neural Tube Formation

  • Neural tube Closure BEGINS in the ________ Region and then proceeds _________ and __________
  • Temporarily leaves openings called __________ at either end of the tube (anterior & posterior; communicate with amniotic sac)
A

Mechanism of Neural Tube Formation

  • Neural tube Closure BEGINS in the Cervical Region and then proceeds CAUDALLY and CRANIALLY
  • Temporarily leaves openings called Neuropores at either end of the tube (anterior & posterior; communicate with amniotic sac)
33
Q

Timing of Closure of the Neural Tube?

A

Day 25: Cranial (anterior) Neuropore closes

Day 25 + 2: Caudal (posterior) Neuropore closes

34
Q

Failure of CAUDAL Closure of Neural Tube?

A

Spina Bifida

35
Q

Failure of CRANIAL Closure of Neural Tube?

A

Anencephaly

36
Q

Failure of Closure of ENTIRE Neural Tube?

A

Rachischisis

37
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A
38
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40
Q

Surface ectoderm and roof plate produce a protein called bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) which induces ______ neurone formation and inhibits ________

A

Surface ectoderm and roof plate produce a protein called bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) which induces SENSORY neurone formation and inhibits MOTOR

41
Q

Notochord and floor plate produce a transcription factor called Shh which induces _______ neurone formation and inhibits _________

A

Notochord and floor plate produce a transcription factor called Shh which induces MOTOR neuron formation and inhibits SENSORY

42
Q

Cerebellum develops from a special part of the _______________ alar plate called the _______________

A

Cerebellum develops from a special part of the Mesencephalon’s alar plate called the Rhombic Lip

Neurology in Health & Disease (18 decks)

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