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BMS242 Cell & Molecular > L2 Mitosis > Flashcards

L2 Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

How does DNA normally exist in cells

A

decondensed, spread out

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2
Q

What are the two forms of decondensed DNA

A

heterochromatin and euchromatin

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3
Q

What is a chromosome

A

linear DNA molecule

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4
Q

What is the centromere

A

region where the spindle attaches

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5
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A

same genes arranged in same order

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6
Q

How are homologous chromosomes inherited

A

one from mother, one from father

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7
Q

What are chromatids

A

newly copied DNA strands joined to each other by a centromere

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8
Q

What is pulled apart

A

chromatids

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9
Q

Describe prophase

A

condensation of sister chromatids

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10
Q

Describe metaphase

A

attachment of mitotic spindle to kinetochore by microtubules

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11
Q

Describe anaphase

A

separation of sister chromatids to opposite poles

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12
Q

Describe telophase

A

nuclear envelope reassembly, start of cytokinesis

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13
Q

Why is prophase important

A

gets chromosomes into the right form for mitosis

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14
Q

During what phase can chromosomes get tangled

A

anaphase

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15
Q

What checks chromosome tangling

A

decatenation check point

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16
Q

What can chromosome tangling lead to

A

aneuploidy and chromosome rearrangements in daughter cells

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17
Q

What is a genetic model for the cell cycle

A

yeast

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18
Q

What are the advantages of yeast as a genetic model

A

rapid division, cell cycle control genes highly conserved, haploid or diploid

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19
Q

What is a use of haploid and diploid yeast

A

diploids are used to maintain lethal mutations - then studied in haploids

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20
Q

Why is yeast more flexible than mammalian cells

A

temperature sensitive mutations - allows growth at permissive temperature

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21
Q

What is used as a biochemical model for the cell cycle

A

xenopus

22
Q

What are the advantages of xenopus as a biochemical model

A

easy to collect eggs, large size, rapid division, manipulated by injection

23
Q

What complex is degraded quickly part way through M phase

A

Cyclin B complex

24
Q

What drives the cell through M phase

A

M-Cdk

25
Q

What must M-Cdk trigger

A

mitotic spindle assembly, chromosome condensation, breakdown of nuclear envelope

26
Q

What is the effect of the inhibitory phosphate on the M-Cdk complex

A

keeps the protein complex inactive

27
Q

What removes the inhibitory phosphate from the M-Cdk complex

A

phosphatase Cdc25

28
Q

What activates phosphatase Cdc25

A

S-Cdk complexes

29
Q

What is the effect of removing the inhibitory phosphate from M-Cdk complex

A

activates the M-Cdk

30
Q

What is the effect of an active M-Cdk complex

A

positive feedback - build up of active M-Cdk complexes

31
Q

What is the effect of active M-Cdk complexes

A

rapid activation of mitosis

32
Q

What does APC stand for

A

anaphase promoting complex

33
Q

What is progression through metaphase/anaphase transition driven by

A

protein destruction

34
Q

What is loss of heterozygosity

A

cross chromosomal event that results in loss of the entire gene

35
Q

Name the three ways that loss of heterozygosity can be induced

A

non-disjunction, mitotic recombination, gene conversion

36
Q

Describe non-disjunction

A

wrong number of chromosomes

37
Q

What can cause non-disjunction

A

lagging chromosomes

38
Q

When can non-disjunction occur

A

anaphase

39
Q

What is central to separation of chromosomes

A

spindle

40
Q

What is the function of kinetochore microtubules

A

attach to chromosomes at the kinetochore

41
Q

What is the function of astral microtubules

A

position the spindle

42
Q

How does the cell detect incorrectly lined up kinetochores

A

low tension

43
Q

True or false - properly lined up kinetochores are unstable

A

false - stable - therefore higher tension

44
Q

What is the function of separase

A

destroy bridges between chromatids

45
Q

What is a problem if a cell is hemizygous

A

if the allele is mutant there is no normal copy of the gene

46
Q

What are the downstream consequences of no normal gene copy

A

no active proteins are made

47
Q

Describe mitotic recombination

A

DNA swaps between chromatin arms

48
Q

What can some mitotic recombinations cause

A

two mutant alleles on one set of chromatids

49
Q

What enzyme causes gene conversion

A

DNA polymerase

50
Q

Describe gene conversion

A

DNA polymerase jumps between 2 DNA molecules, replicates another allele

BMS242 Cell & Molecular (14 decks)

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