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BMS242 Cell & Molecular > L11 Cell Communication II > Flashcards

L11 Cell Communication II Flashcards

1
Q

What do endocrine organs secrete?

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Where is adrenaline produced

A

adrenal glands

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3
Q

What is bisoprolol

A

selective inhibitor of B1 adrenergic receptors

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4
Q

Where are B1 adrenergic receptors located

A

heart

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5
Q

Hormone concentrations in the body

A

very low

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6
Q

Hormone receptor qualities

A

specific and sensitive

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7
Q

Role of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

homeostasis maintainence

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8
Q

What do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland link?

A

neuronal and endocrinological systems

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9
Q

What is the precursor of steroid hormones

A

lipids

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10
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

cholesterol, cortisol, estradiol, and vitamin d3

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11
Q

Properties of steroid hormones

A

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

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12
Q

Why are steroid hormones hydrophilic and hydrophobic

A

because they are derived from lipids

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13
Q

What can steroid hormones penetrate

A

cell membranes and blood brain barrier

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14
Q

Why can steroid hormones penetrate the BBB and PM

A

because they are hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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15
Q

What are the two classes of steroid hormones

A

corticosteroids and sex steroids

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16
Q

What are the subtypes of corticosteroids

A

glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids

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17
Q

What are the subtypes of sex steroids

A

oestrogens, androgens, progestogens

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18
Q

What does the DNA binding domain in nuclear receptors encode

A

zinc fingers

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19
Q

What is the function of zinc fingers in nuclear receptors

A

access the DNA double helix

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20
Q

What do nuclear receptors bind to

A

hormone response elements of target genes

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21
Q

What is the function of nuclear receptors in hormone signalling pathway

A

link hormone secretion directly to regulation of gene expression of responsive tissues

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22
Q

What is the effect of primary response to steroid hormones

A

induced synthesis of primary response proteins

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23
Q

What is the effect of secondary response to steroid hormones

A

primary response protein shuts off primary response and turns on secondary response genes

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24
Q

What does the glucocorticoid receptor regulate

A

metabolism, catabolism, and biosynthesis

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25
Q

What is the effect of dex

A

triggers upregulation of DNA and transcriptional machinery

26
Q

What are the medical uses of glucocorticoids

A

immunosuppressants and potent anti-inflammatory agents

27
Q

Side effects of glucocorticoid use

A

bone loss and glucose dysregulation

28
Q

When are glucocorticoids released

A

in response to stress and reduced blood sugar levels

29
Q

Where is cortisol released from

A

adrenal gland

30
Q

Disease with too little cortisol

A

addisons disease

31
Q

What is addisons disease caused by

A

primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency

32
Q

Cause of primary adrenal insufficiency

A

damage to adrenal glands

33
Q

Cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

lack of adrenocorticotropic hormone

34
Q

Symptoms of addisons disease

A

depression, flu, nausea, weight loss

35
Q

What disease is associated with high cortisol levels

A

Cushing’s syndrome

36
Q

What can cause Cushing’s syndrome

A

benign adenoma in the pituitary gland, long term steroid use

37
Q

Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome

A

weight gain, high BP, puffy face

38
Q

What stimulates insulin production

A

beta cells in the pancreas

39
Q

Role of insulin

A

regulates blood glucose levels

40
Q

What is type 1 diabetes caused by

A

destruction of beta cells

41
Q

Insulin receptor structure

A

hetero-tetramer

42
Q

Insulin receptor bonds

A

disulphide bonds

43
Q

What regulates insulin receptor activity

A

tyrosine kinase

44
Q

Function of tyrosine kinase on insulin receptor

A

phosphorylation

45
Q

First step of insulin signalling

A

tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor & direct substrates

46
Q

Second step of insulin signalling

A

activation of lipid kinase - PI3K

47
Q

Third step of insulin signalling

A

activation of multiple serine/theronine kinases

48
Q

What is the function of insulin receptor substrate proteins

A

allow binding of lipid kinase

49
Q

What is the function of lipid kinase in hormone signalling

A

synthesise PIPs at PM

50
Q

What does PIP3 recruit in hormone signalling

A

phosphoinositide dependent kinase - PDK

51
Q

What does PDK do

A

phosphorylates AKT

52
Q

Function of AKT in hormone signalling

A

phosphorylates substrates which then activate downstream targets

53
Q

Hypo-glycemia

A

excessive insulin

54
Q

Symptoms of hypo-glycemia

A

low blood sugar levels, death

55
Q

What is type 2 diabetes characterised by

A

dysregulation of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism

56
Q

Insulin secretion type 2 diabetes

A

secretion impaired, resistance can occur

57
Q

Treatment for diabetes type 2

58
Q

Effect of metformin

A

decreased insulin resistance, reduction of plasma insulin levels

59
Q

What does metformin inhibit

A

mitochondrial complex I

60
Q

What enzyme does metformin activate

A

AMP activated protein kinase - regulates glucose metabolism

BMS242 Cell & Molecular (14 decks)

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