L2 Back and Extrinsic Should Muscles Flashcards
Skeletal system joints (3)
Synovial - highly moveable
Cartilaginous - limited movement
Fibrous - no movement
Intervertebral disc
Joints between vertebral bodies
Cartilaginous joints
Facet joints
Joints between articular processes
Synovial
Intervertebral joints parts
Nucleus pulpsus - gooey center
Anulus fibrosus - external part
Hyaline cartilage
Intervertebral disc functions
Provide stability
Bear weight
Allow some movement
Herniated disc
Defect in anulus fibrosus causing herniation of nucleus pulposus
Typically in posterolateral direction
L4/L5 disc herniation causes damage to
L5 spinal nerve
Pain will be referred to segment of skin that receives sensory information from a particular spinal cord level
Ligaments of vertebral column
Anterior longitudinal ligament Posterior longitudinal ligament Interspinous ligament Ligamentum flavum Ligamentum nuchae Supraspinous ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Prevents excess extension of vertebral column
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Prevents excessive flexion of vertebral column
Interspinous ligament
Assists posterior longitudinal ligament by preventing excess flexion of vertebral column
Ligamentum flavum
Resists separation of laminae in flexion
Ligamentum nuchae
Supports head
Continuous with supraspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament
Prevents excessive flexion of vertebral column
Movements of vertebral column
Around transverse axis
Extension and flexion
Movements of vertebral column
Around AP axis
Lateral flexion
Movements of vertebral column
Around vertical axis
Rotation
Ipsilateral rotation
To side of active muscles
Right muscle contracts, movement is to right
Contralateral rotation
To opposite side of active muscle
Right muscle contracts, movement is to left
Extrinsic back muscles
Superficial layer
Contains muscles that are seen on the back but move the upper extremity
Innervated by anterior primary rami
Posterior axioappendicular muscles
Extrinsic back muscles
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboid minor and major
Intrinsic back muscles
True back muscles
Stabilize or move the axial skeleton
Innervated by posterior primary rami
Intrinsic back muscle layers
Splenius group (superficial)
Erector spinae group (intermediate)
Transversospinales group (deep)
Splenius group
Toward cervical
Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis
Bilaterally-extend head and neck
Unilaterally- rotate head ipsilaterally
Erector spinae group
Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
Bilaterally- extend vertebral column
Unilaterally- bend trunk laterally
Transversospinales group
Deep layer
Semispinalis
Multifodus
Rotatores
Bilaterally - extend vertebral column
Unilaterally- rotation vertebral column contralaterally
Typical curvature of spine
Embryo- primary curvature only
Adult- thoracic kyphosis, sacral kyphosis, cervical lordosis, lumbar lordosis
Kyphosis
Primary curvature
Lordosis
Secondary curvature
Excessive kyphosis
Hunched over
Excessive lordosis
Backs really arched
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of the spine
Danger time during puberty
Pectoral girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Scapulothoracic “joint”
Movements of the scapula against chest wall
Elevation Depression Protraction Retraction Medial rotation Lateral rotation For rotation look at inferior angle of scapula
Scapulothoracic rhythm
Timing of movement at the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints during shoulder elevation
First 30 degrees only glenohumeral movement
After that scapula and humerus move in 1:2ratio
