L2

Question 1

what are two ways the hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary?

Answer 1

via nerve fibers and via the circulation

Question 2

the ____ is the primary regulator of the pituitary

Answer 2

hypothalamus

Question 3

contrast the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 3

parasympathetic - vegetative functions (increased digestion and saliva, decreased heart rate and breathing)

sympathetic - fight or flight (shunting of blood from gut to other tissues–skeletal muscle, heart, & brain)

Question 4

the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are also known as the ______ and _______ divisions, respectively.

Answer 4

thoracolumbar; craniosacral

Question 5

describe the regulation of insulin release.

Answer 5

1. Elevated blood glucose stimulates beta cells to release insulin to clear blood glucose
2. ALPHA cells within the pancreas release glucagon, STIMULATING the BETA cells through paracrine regulation
3. DELTA cells within the pancreas release somatostatin that INHIBIT the BETA cells through paracrine regulation

Question 6

contrast the function of somatostatin and glucagon in insulin

Answer 6

glucagon - increase blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from the liver

somatostatin - inhibitor, suppressing the release of both insulin and glucagon

Question 7

neuroendocrine transducer

Answer 7

specialized brain cell that translates neural activity (nervous signal) into hormonal output (endocrine signal)

Question 8

innate components (cells) of immune system

Answer 8

neutrophils and macrophages

Question 9

main function of MHC molecules

Answer 9

to bind to antigens derived from
pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the
appropriate T-cells.