L17 Flashcards
explain SGLT-2 inhibitors
SGLT-2 inhibitors target the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2), a protein in the kidneys responsible for reabsorbing glucose (sugar) from the filtered blood back into the bloodstream. this prevents the kidneys from reabsorbing excess glucose, leading to more glucose being excreted in the urine ansd lower blood sugar levels.
insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus is caused due to the production of _________, increased production of anti-insulin hormone like ____3____, and increased destruction of insulin by the kidneys and placenta insulinase.
Human placental Lactogen
cortisol, estriol, and progesterone
______ is a physiologic antagonist to insulin during pregnancy
human placental lactogen (HPL)
PTH raises blood ____ levels in opposition to the effects of the hormone ____
PTH raises Ca2+; calcitonin lowers it
the lumen of each thyroid follicle stores _____
colloid (thyroglobulin)
calcitonin is produced by ______ cells
parafollicular
In humans, untreated congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid agenesis inevitably leads to _____, which comprises _______________
cretinism; irreversible brain dysfunction and dwarfism
thyroid hormones are [lipid/water]-soluble
lipid
true or false: T3 is more potent than T4
true; T3 is the active one
explain thyroid hormone synthesis
PVN secretes TRH –> TSH from ant. pit. –> Gs GPCR in thyroid follicular cell –> stimulates transcription/translation of thyroglobulin
Iodide uptake –> oxidation into iodine by thyroid peroxidase –> Iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin –> coupling of MITs and DITs into T3 and T4 –> proteolysis of T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin protein
what happens to the baby if the mother has hypothyroidism?
preterm delivery, miscarriage, cogitive impairment of infant
what kind of receptor pathway does TRH use to activate TSH?
GPCR –> IP3, DAG, Ca2+
leptin ______ TRH
increases
what is transthyretin?
binding protein such as thyroxine-binding globulin
what enzyme converts T4 to T3
deiodinase
what is UCP1?
it allows protons to leak which uncouples the respiratory chain from oxidative phosphorylation –> energy usually stored in ATP is instead released as heat
hashimoto’s thyroiditis
autoimmune destruction of thyroid
Graves disease
autoimmune - antibodies start attaching to TSH receptors so you overproduce thyroid hormones –> hyperthyroidism
thyroid storm
really bad hyperthyroidism
