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Histology Exam 2 > L16: The Eye > Flashcards

L16: The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

list the tunics of the eye

A
  1. fibrous tunic
  2. vascular tunic
  3. inner tunic
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2
Q

fibrous tunic: basic

A
  • -sclera (tunica fibrosa)

- -cornea

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3
Q

vascular tunic: basic

A
  • -choroid
  • -ciliary body
  • -iris
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4
Q

inner tunic: basic

A

retina

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5
Q

fibrous tunic: sclera layers

A
  1. episcleral layer
  2. sclera proper
  3. lamina cribrosa
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6
Q

episcleral layer

A
  1. outer layer
  2. loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers
  3. highly vascular
  4. attaches the lining of the eyelid to the sclera
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7
Q

sclera proper

A
  1. made of interlacing collagen fibers
  2. attachment site for tendons of extrinsic eye muscles
  3. collagen bundles are parallel to outer surface of sclera
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8
Q

lamina cribrosa

A
  1. perforated disc of sclera

2. pass thru for optic nerve fibers

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9
Q

anteriorly the sclera is continuous w/

A

the cornea

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10
Q

limbus

A

the junction between cornea and sclera

highly vascularized

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11
Q

posteriorly the sclera is continuous w/

A

the dural covering of the optic nerve

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12
Q

fibrous tunic: cornea layers

A
  1. corneal epithelium
  2. bowman’s memb.
  3. corneal stroma
  4. Descemet’s memb.
  5. corneal endothelium
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13
Q

corneal epithelium

A
  1. stratified, nonkeratinized squamous 5-6 layers
  2. highly mitotic in basal layer
  3. turnover 1 wk
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14
Q

bowman’s membrane

A
  1. cornea layer 2
  2. acellular layer separates epithelium from stroma
  3. random collagen fibers
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15
Q

corneal stroma

A

thin layers of ordered collagen fibers

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16
Q

Descemet’s membrane

A
  1. cornea layer 4
  2. acellular layer of collagen bundles
  3. separates stroma from endothelium
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17
Q

corneal endothelium

A

single layer of large squamous cells

in contact w/ aqueous humor of the eye

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18
Q

choroid

A
  1. extends ant. to ora serrate of retina
  2. highly vascularized w/ loose CT
  3. bruch’s (glassy) memb.

**vascular tunic

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19
Q

vascularization of choroid

A
  1. forms choriocapillary network
  2. provides nutrients to outer retina
  3. contains melanocytes
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20
Q

choriocapillary network

A

contains small blood vessels that supply cells of the retina

part of choroid

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21
Q

Bruch’s membrane

A

part of choroid

acellular fused basal laminae of choriocapillaris and pigmented retinal epithelium

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22
Q

ciliary body

A
  1. vascular tunic
  2. wedge shaped expansion of choroid
  3. peripheral to lens
  4. double layer of cells
  5. suspensory ligaments
  6. ciliary muscles
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23
Q

main function of ciliary body

A

to produce aqueous humor

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24
Q

ciliary body: cell layers

A
  1. innermost layer is continuous w/ pigmented layer of retina
  2. surface layer from sensory layer of retina
  3. produces aqueous humor
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25
Q

ciliary body: suspensory ligaments

A

extend to just behind lens equator

anchor the lens in place

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26
Q

ciliary muscles

A

–smooth muscle mass that changes the shape of the lens

–innervated by parasympathetic neurons

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27
Q

ciliary muscles and accommodation

A

–one group of muscles for flattening the lens

–another for allowing lens to become thicker

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28
Q

______ surface layer of cells produces _______ : ciliary body

A

nonpigmented
aqueous humor

secrete into posterior chamber

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29
Q

aqueous humor

A
  1. percolates thru trabecular meshwork

2. flows into canal of schlemm

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30
Q

Vascular tunic is made up of the ?

A

Iris

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31
Q

Iris components

A

Angles
Double layer of epithelium
Melanocytes

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32
Q

The iris is located _______ to the lens and separates ?

A

Anterior to lens

Separates anterior and posterior chambers

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33
Q

Iris angle

A

Formed at lateral borders of the anterior chamber

Made of loose CT

Passageway for aqueous humor

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34
Q

The iris surrounds to ?

A

Pupil

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35
Q

Iris: double layer of epithelium

A
  1. Inner layer - pigmented epithelial cells
  2. Outer layer - radially oriented myofilaments
  3. Concentric layer - myofilaments
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36
Q

Iris outer layer of epithelium

A
  • dilator pupillae muscle

- sympathetic innervation will dilate pupils

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37
Q

Iris concentric layer

A
  • constricts the pupil

- parasympathetic innervation

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38
Q

________ innervation will dilate the pupil, whilst _______ constricts.

A

Sympathetic dilates

Parasympathetic constricts

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39
Q

Iris melanocytes

A

Pigment producing cells

The more melanocytes you have, the darker the iris

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40
Q

______ color pigments do not exist in nature.

A

Blue

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41
Q

Inner tunic is made up of the ?

A

Retina

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42
Q

Subdivisions of the retina, divided by the ______ ?

A

Divided by ora serrata

  1. Photosensitive region - post. To ora
  2. Nonphotosensitive region - ant. To ora
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43
Q

Photosensitive region of retina

A
  1. Optic disc

2. Fovea centralis

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44
Q

Optic disc

A

Region of posterior eye where optic nerve is

Has no photosensitive retina and makes up the blind spot

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45
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Just lateral to optic disc

Yellow pigment

Only cone photoreceptors

Area of most acute vision and color vision

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46
Q

______ makes up the blind spot

A

Optic disc

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47
Q

_______ is the region of highest visual acuity

A

Fovea centralis

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48
Q

Non-photosensitive region of the retina

A

Consists of two cell layers covering the iris, ciliary body and ciliary processes

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49
Q

List the chambers of the eye

A

Anterior chamber
Posterior chamber
Vitreal chamber or vitreous body

50
Q

Anterior chamber of the eye

A

Posterior to cornea and anterior to iris

51
Q

Posterior chamber of the eye

A

Posterior to iris and anterior to lens

52
Q

Vitreal chamber of the eye

A

Posterior to lens
Contains vitreous body —- largest chamber
Gelatinous mass

53
Q

The vitreous body is made up of 99% ?

A

Water
Hyaluronic acid
Vitrein

54
Q

Increased intraocular pressure due to compromised drainage of aqueous humor from anterior chamber

A

Glaucoma

55
Q

List the layers of the retina, starting near the choroid

A
  1. Pigmented epithelium
  2. Inner/outer segments of rods/cones
  3. Outer nuclear layer
  4. Outer plexiform layer
  5. Inner nuclear layer
  6. Inner plexiform layer
  7. Ganglion cell layer
  8. Axons of ganglion cells
  9. Internal limiting membrane
56
Q

Where are the retina support cells found?

A

Internal limiting membrane

Mueller cells

57
Q

Axons of ______ cells make up the optic nerve.

A

Ganglion cells

58
Q

Pigmented epithelium of retina

A

Closest to choroid

Derived from outer layer of the optic cup

59
Q

Inner and outer segments of rods and cones

A

Outer segment consists of rhodopsin-containing lamellae

Inner segment consists of areas of rods and cones that are metabolically active

60
Q

External limiting membrane of retina

A

Area at junction of inner and outer segments of rods/cones and outer nuclear layer

61
Q

The external limiting membrane of the retina includes ____ junctions between _____ and ______ and _______ .

A

Adheren junctions

Between rods-cones-mueller cells

62
Q

Outer nuclear layer

A

Cell bodies of rods and cones

63
Q

1st order neurons

A

Outer nuclear layer, the cell bodies of rods and cones

64
Q

Outer plexiform layer

A

Area of synapse between axons of rods and cones, and the dendrites of bipolar neurons and horizontal cells

65
Q

Inner nuclear layer

A

Cell bodies of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells and mueller cells

66
Q

2nd order neurons

A

The inner nuclear layer, the cell bodies of the cells found here

67
Q

Inner plexiform layer

A

Area of synapses between axons of bipolar cells and the dendrites of ganglion cells

68
Q

General hierarchry from outer nuclear layer to inner plexiform layer: cells

A

Rods/cones
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Optic nerve

69
Q

Ganglion cell layer

A

Cell bodies of ganglion cells

70
Q

3rd order neurons

A

Ganglion cell layer

Cell bodies of ganglion cells

71
Q

Optic nerve layer

A

Axons of ganglion cells

72
Q

Internal limiting membrane

A

Terminations of mueller cell processes and their BMs

73
Q

Pigments epithelial cells of the retina synthesize

A

Melanin

74
Q

Apical process of pigmented epithelial cells

A

Surround and protect outer segments of rods and cones

75
Q

Pigmented epithelial cells of retina phagocytze ?

A

Lamellae from rods and cones

76
Q

Pigmented epithelial cells are connected via ?

A

Tight junctions to form blood -retina barrier

77
Q

Pigmented epithelial cells of retina esterify ?

A

Vitamin A used in formation of photosensitive pigments

78
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Conducting 2nd order neurons, that synapse w/ rods and cones

79
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Interneurons that interconnect rods and cones w/ each other and to bipolar cells

80
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Interneurons that connect ganglion cells and bipolar neurons

81
Q

Mueller cells

A

Neuroglial cells that extend throughout retina

Structural support for retina

82
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Conducting neurons whose axons form the fibers of the optic nerve

83
Q

List the cells of the retina

A
  1. Pigmented epithelial cells
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Horizontal cells
  4. Amacrine cells
  5. Mueller cells
  6. Ganglion cells
84
Q

What cells of the retina are interneurons?

A

Horizontal and amacrine cells

85
Q

Macula lutea

A

Yellow region surrounding the fovea

Highest visual acuity

86
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Depression of visual axis
Highest density of cone cells
Lacks rod cells and capillaries

87
Q

Optic disc

A

Lacks photoreceptors
Point wheere ganglion cell axons turn into optic nerve

The blind spot of retina

88
Q

Why is _______ the point of highest visual acuity?

A

Macula lutea of fovea centralis

Has no rods only cones, so less layers
Cones are angled to side and exposed directly to light waves since this region lacks layers

89
Q

Types of photoreceptors

A

Rods and cones

90
Q

Rod photopigment

A

Rhodopsin

91
Q

Cone photopigment

A

Use 3 different kinds of iodopsins

92
Q

General architecture of photoreceptors

A

Spherule/pedicle
Cell body
Inner segment
Outer segment

93
Q

Spherule are associated with _________, and pedicles with ______ .

A

Rods - spherules

Cones - pedicles

94
Q

Inner segment of photoreceptors

A

Mito and other organelles

95
Q

Cell body of photoreceptors

A

Nucleus and short axon

96
Q

Outer segment of photoreceptors

A

Modified cilium
Connected by a stalk to inner segment
Stacks of discs containing photoreceptors

97
Q

What is the purpose of the discs found in the ______ segment of photoreceptors ?

A

Outer segment

Flattened membrane bound sacks that increase surface area

98
Q

Disks of rod cells

A
  • detach from cell memb. And become free
  • constantly renewed
  • old ones are phagocytzed by pigmented epithelial cells
99
Q

Disks in cone cells

A

Remain attached to cell membrane

100
Q

Vision from rod cells

A

Sensitive to low light intensity

Black and white vision

101
Q

Vision from cone cells

A

Sensitive to high intensity light

Greater visual acuity than rods

102
Q

Lamellae of outer segments in rods vs. cones

A

Rods - lamellae not continuous w/ plasmalemma

Cones - is continuous

103
Q

Axons of ______ rods synapse with _____ _____ cell.

A

100 rods to 1 bipolar cell

104
Q

Cone cells synapses with ______ _____ cell.

A

1 cone to 1 bipolar cell

105
Q

Rhodopsin

A

TM glycoprotein

Consists of opsin and 11-is-retinal

106
Q

Disassembly of rhodopsin into opsin and retinal after light stimulation

A

Bleaching

107
Q

Parts of the lens

A

Capsule
Anterior epithelium
Lens nucleus

108
Q

Lens capsule

A

Insertion for suspensory ligaments

Glycoproteins and type IV collagen

109
Q

The lens capsule is secreted by

A

Subcapsular epithelial cells

110
Q

Lens anterior epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Cells become lens fibers

111
Q

Lens nucleus

A

Composed of lens cells that mature into fiber like structures

112
Q

Characteristics of lens cells

A

Devoid of nucleus and organelles

Filled w/ crystalline proteins

113
Q

Palpebral

A

The eyelid

114
Q

Parts of the eyelid

A

Anterior surface
Palpebral fascia
Palpebral conjunctiva

115
Q

Anterior surface of eyelid

A

Covered w/ skin

Glands of zeiss and moll

116
Q

Glands of zeiss

A

Found on ant. Eyelid

Sebaceous glands

117
Q

Glands of moll

A

On ant. Eyelid

Sweat glands that open into eyelash follicles

118
Q

Palpebral fascia

A

Fibrous core of eyelid

Meibomian glands

119
Q

Meibomian glands

A

Of the eyelid fascia - also called tarsal
Sebaceous glands not associated w/ hair

Open to free edge of eyelid

120
Q

Secretion that keeps normal tear film in eye

A

Meibomain glands of eyelid fascia

121
Q

Palpebral conjunctiva

A

Stratified columnar/squamous epithelium
W/ goblet cells
Lines inner eyelid

Is continuous w/ bulbar conjunctiva

Histology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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