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Histology Exam 2 > L16: The Eye > Flashcards

L16: The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

list the tunics of the eye

A
  1. fibrous tunic
  2. vascular tunic
  3. inner tunic
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2
Q

fibrous tunic: basic

A
  • -sclera (tunica fibrosa)

- -cornea

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3
Q

vascular tunic: basic

A
  • -choroid
  • -ciliary body
  • -iris
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4
Q

inner tunic: basic

A

retina

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5
Q

fibrous tunic: sclera layers

A
  1. episcleral layer
  2. sclera proper
  3. lamina cribrosa
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6
Q

episcleral layer

A
  1. outer layer
  2. loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers
  3. highly vascular
  4. attaches the lining of the eyelid to the sclera
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7
Q

sclera proper

A
  1. made of interlacing collagen fibers
  2. attachment site for tendons of extrinsic eye muscles
  3. collagen bundles are parallel to outer surface of sclera
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8
Q

lamina cribrosa

A
  1. perforated disc of sclera

2. pass thru for optic nerve fibers

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9
Q

anteriorly the sclera is continuous w/

A

the cornea

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10
Q

limbus

A

the junction between cornea and sclera

highly vascularized

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11
Q

posteriorly the sclera is continuous w/

A

the dural covering of the optic nerve

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12
Q

fibrous tunic: cornea layers

A
  1. corneal epithelium
  2. bowman’s memb.
  3. corneal stroma
  4. Descemet’s memb.
  5. corneal endothelium
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13
Q

corneal epithelium

A
  1. stratified, nonkeratinized squamous 5-6 layers
  2. highly mitotic in basal layer
  3. turnover 1 wk
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14
Q

bowman’s membrane

A
  1. cornea layer 2
  2. acellular layer separates epithelium from stroma
  3. random collagen fibers
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15
Q

corneal stroma

A

thin layers of ordered collagen fibers

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16
Q

Descemet’s membrane

A
  1. cornea layer 4
  2. acellular layer of collagen bundles
  3. separates stroma from endothelium
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17
Q

corneal endothelium

A

single layer of large squamous cells

in contact w/ aqueous humor of the eye

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18
Q

choroid

A
  1. extends ant. to ora serrate of retina
  2. highly vascularized w/ loose CT
  3. bruch’s (glassy) memb.

**vascular tunic

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19
Q

vascularization of choroid

A
  1. forms choriocapillary network
  2. provides nutrients to outer retina
  3. contains melanocytes
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20
Q

choriocapillary network

A

contains small blood vessels that supply cells of the retina

part of choroid

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21
Q

Bruch’s membrane

A

part of choroid

acellular fused basal laminae of choriocapillaris and pigmented retinal epithelium

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22
Q

ciliary body

A
  1. vascular tunic
  2. wedge shaped expansion of choroid
  3. peripheral to lens
  4. double layer of cells
  5. suspensory ligaments
  6. ciliary muscles
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23
Q

main function of ciliary body

A

to produce aqueous humor

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24
Q

ciliary body: cell layers

A
  1. innermost layer is continuous w/ pigmented layer of retina
  2. surface layer from sensory layer of retina
  3. produces aqueous humor
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25
ciliary body: suspensory ligaments
extend to just behind lens equator anchor the lens in place
26
ciliary muscles
--smooth muscle mass that changes the shape of the lens --innervated by parasympathetic neurons
27
ciliary muscles and accommodation
--one group of muscles for flattening the lens --another for allowing lens to become thicker
28
______ surface layer of cells produces _______ : ciliary body
nonpigmented aqueous humor secrete into posterior chamber
29
aqueous humor
1. percolates thru trabecular meshwork | 2. flows into canal of schlemm
30
Vascular tunic is made up of the ?
Iris
31
Iris components
Angles Double layer of epithelium Melanocytes
32
The iris is located _______ to the lens and separates ?
Anterior to lens Separates anterior and posterior chambers
33
Iris angle
Formed at lateral borders of the anterior chamber Made of loose CT Passageway for aqueous humor
34
The iris surrounds to ?
Pupil
35
Iris: double layer of epithelium
1. Inner layer - pigmented epithelial cells 2. Outer layer - radially oriented myofilaments 3. Concentric layer - myofilaments
36
Iris outer layer of epithelium
- dilator pupillae muscle | - sympathetic innervation will dilate pupils
37
Iris concentric layer
- constricts the pupil | - parasympathetic innervation
38
________ innervation will dilate the pupil, whilst _______ constricts.
Sympathetic dilates Parasympathetic constricts
39
Iris melanocytes
Pigment producing cells The more melanocytes you have, the darker the iris
40
______ color pigments do not exist in nature.
Blue
41
Inner tunic is made up of the ?
Retina
42
Subdivisions of the retina, divided by the ______ ?
Divided by ora serrata 1. Photosensitive region - post. To ora 2. Nonphotosensitive region - ant. To ora
43
Photosensitive region of retina
1. Optic disc | 2. Fovea centralis
44
Optic disc
Region of posterior eye where optic nerve is Has no photosensitive retina and makes up the blind spot
45
Fovea centralis
Just lateral to optic disc Yellow pigment Only cone photoreceptors Area of most acute vision and color vision
46
______ makes up the blind spot
Optic disc
47
_______ is the region of highest visual acuity
Fovea centralis
48
Non-photosensitive region of the retina
Consists of two cell layers covering the iris, ciliary body and ciliary processes
49
List the chambers of the eye
Anterior chamber Posterior chamber Vitreal chamber or vitreous body
50
Anterior chamber of the eye
Posterior to cornea and anterior to iris
51
Posterior chamber of the eye
Posterior to iris and anterior to lens
52
Vitreal chamber of the eye
Posterior to lens Contains vitreous body —- largest chamber Gelatinous mass
53
The vitreous body is made up of 99% ?
Water Hyaluronic acid Vitrein
54
Increased intraocular pressure due to compromised drainage of aqueous humor from anterior chamber
Glaucoma
55
List the layers of the retina, starting near the choroid
1. Pigmented epithelium 2. Inner/outer segments of rods/cones 3. Outer nuclear layer 4. Outer plexiform layer 5. Inner nuclear layer 6. Inner plexiform layer 7. Ganglion cell layer 8. Axons of ganglion cells 9. Internal limiting membrane
56
Where are the retina support cells found?
Internal limiting membrane Mueller cells
57
Axons of ______ cells make up the optic nerve.
Ganglion cells
58
Pigmented epithelium of retina
Closest to choroid | Derived from outer layer of the optic cup
59
Inner and outer segments of rods and cones
Outer segment consists of rhodopsin-containing lamellae Inner segment consists of areas of rods and cones that are metabolically active
60
External limiting membrane of retina
Area at junction of inner and outer segments of rods/cones and outer nuclear layer
61
The external limiting membrane of the retina includes ____ junctions between _____ and ______ and _______ .
Adheren junctions Between rods-cones-mueller cells
62
Outer nuclear layer
Cell bodies of rods and cones
63
1st order neurons
Outer nuclear layer, the cell bodies of rods and cones
64
Outer plexiform layer
Area of synapse between axons of rods and cones, and the dendrites of bipolar neurons and horizontal cells
65
Inner nuclear layer
Cell bodies of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells and mueller cells
66
2nd order neurons
The inner nuclear layer, the cell bodies of the cells found here
67
Inner plexiform layer
Area of synapses between axons of bipolar cells and the dendrites of ganglion cells
68
General hierarchry from outer nuclear layer to inner plexiform layer: cells
Rods/cones Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Optic nerve
69
Ganglion cell layer
Cell bodies of ganglion cells
70
3rd order neurons
Ganglion cell layer | Cell bodies of ganglion cells
71
Optic nerve layer
Axons of ganglion cells
72
Internal limiting membrane
Terminations of mueller cell processes and their BMs
73
Pigments epithelial cells of the retina synthesize
Melanin
74
Apical process of pigmented epithelial cells
Surround and protect outer segments of rods and cones
75
Pigmented epithelial cells of retina phagocytze ?
Lamellae from rods and cones
76
Pigmented epithelial cells are connected via ?
Tight junctions to form blood -retina barrier
77
Pigmented epithelial cells of retina esterify ?
Vitamin A used in formation of photosensitive pigments
78
Bipolar cells
Conducting 2nd order neurons, that synapse w/ rods and cones
79
Horizontal cells
Interneurons that interconnect rods and cones w/ each other and to bipolar cells
80
Amacrine cells
Interneurons that connect ganglion cells and bipolar neurons
81
Mueller cells
Neuroglial cells that extend throughout retina | Structural support for retina
82
Ganglion cells
Conducting neurons whose axons form the fibers of the optic nerve
83
List the cells of the retina
1. Pigmented epithelial cells 2. Bipolar cells 3. Horizontal cells 4. Amacrine cells 5. Mueller cells 6. Ganglion cells
84
What cells of the retina are interneurons?
Horizontal and amacrine cells
85
Macula lutea
Yellow region surrounding the fovea Highest visual acuity
86
Fovea centralis
Depression of visual axis Highest density of cone cells Lacks rod cells and capillaries
87
Optic disc
Lacks photoreceptors Point wheere ganglion cell axons turn into optic nerve The blind spot of retina
88
Why is _______ the point of highest visual acuity?
Macula lutea of fovea centralis Has no rods only cones, so less layers Cones are angled to side and exposed directly to light waves since this region lacks layers
89
Types of photoreceptors
Rods and cones
90
Rod photopigment
Rhodopsin
91
Cone photopigment
Use 3 different kinds of iodopsins
92
General architecture of photoreceptors
Spherule/pedicle Cell body Inner segment Outer segment
93
Spherule are associated with _________, and pedicles with ______ .
Rods - spherules Cones - pedicles
94
Inner segment of photoreceptors
Mito and other organelles
95
Cell body of photoreceptors
Nucleus and short axon
96
Outer segment of photoreceptors
Modified cilium Connected by a stalk to inner segment Stacks of discs containing photoreceptors
97
What is the purpose of the discs found in the ______ segment of photoreceptors ?
Outer segment Flattened membrane bound sacks that increase surface area
98
Disks of rod cells
- detach from cell memb. And become free - constantly renewed - old ones are phagocytzed by pigmented epithelial cells
99
Disks in cone cells
Remain attached to cell membrane
100
Vision from rod cells
Sensitive to low light intensity | Black and white vision
101
Vision from cone cells
Sensitive to high intensity light | Greater visual acuity than rods
102
Lamellae of outer segments in rods vs. cones
Rods - lamellae not continuous w/ plasmalemma Cones - is continuous
103
Axons of ______ rods synapse with _____ _____ cell.
100 rods to 1 bipolar cell
104
Cone cells synapses with ______ _____ cell.
1 cone to 1 bipolar cell
105
Rhodopsin
TM glycoprotein | Consists of opsin and 11-is-retinal
106
Disassembly of rhodopsin into opsin and retinal after light stimulation
Bleaching
107
Parts of the lens
Capsule Anterior epithelium Lens nucleus
108
Lens capsule
Insertion for suspensory ligaments | Glycoproteins and type IV collagen
109
The lens capsule is secreted by
Subcapsular epithelial cells
110
Lens anterior epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium Cells become lens fibers
111
Lens nucleus
Composed of lens cells that mature into fiber like structures
112
Characteristics of lens cells
Devoid of nucleus and organelles Filled w/ crystalline proteins
113
Palpebral
The eyelid
114
Parts of the eyelid
Anterior surface Palpebral fascia Palpebral conjunctiva
115
Anterior surface of eyelid
Covered w/ skin | Glands of zeiss and moll
116
Glands of zeiss
Found on ant. Eyelid | Sebaceous glands
117
Glands of moll
On ant. Eyelid | Sweat glands that open into eyelash follicles
118
Palpebral fascia
Fibrous core of eyelid | Meibomian glands
119
Meibomian glands
Of the eyelid fascia - also called tarsal Sebaceous glands not associated w/ hair Open to free edge of eyelid
120
Secretion that keeps normal tear film in eye
Meibomain glands of eyelid fascia
121
Palpebral conjunctiva
Stratified columnar/squamous epithelium W/ goblet cells Lines inner eyelid Is continuous w/ bulbar conjunctiva

Histology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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