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Histology Exam 2 > L13: Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

L13: Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

categories of developmental capacity of cells

A

totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent

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2
Q

stem cell types

A
  1. embryonic stem cells – pluripotent

2. adult stem cells - multipotent

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3
Q

embryonic stem cells

A
  1. from inner-cell mass of blastocyst

2. pluripotent

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4
Q

adult stem cellls

A
  1. from mature organs/tissues – bone marrow

2. multipotent

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5
Q

origin of 1st blood cells

A
  1. weeks 2-8
  2. islands of hematopoiesis – found in yolk sac wall
  3. no WBCs
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6
Q

blood cells week 8-28

A
  1. hematopoiesis first occurs in liver then spleen

2. ceases around birth

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7
Q

blood cells 6 month gestation-birth-beyond

A

hematopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow

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8
Q

list the types of bone marrow

A

red - RBCs

yellow - WBCs

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9
Q

at birth all bone marrow is ?

A

red – source of all blood cells

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10
Q

where is red marrow found prior to puberty

A 
skull
ribs
sternum
vertebrae
clavicle
pelvis
long bones
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11
Q

where is red marrow found after puberty

A

same as prior except no longer in long bones

skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, clavicle, pelvis

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12
Q

extramedullary hematopoiesis

A

in certain diseases blood cells can still be formed in liver and spleen

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13
Q

thru your lifetime most marrow is ______

A

converted to yellow

red is found only in sternum and iliac crest

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14
Q

list the aspects discussed about bone marrow histology

A 
stroma
parenchyma
sinusoids
hematopoietic cords
cells
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15
Q

bone marrow stroma

A

CT support for cells
contains: fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipose cells and endothelial cells

makes and secretes hematopoietic growth factors

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16
Q

bone marrow parenchyma

A

consists of various hematopoietic cells in different stages of maturation

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17
Q

bone marrow sinusoids

A
  • endothelial lined spaces
  • connect artery and veins
  • provide exit for mature blood cells
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18
Q

bone marrow hematopoietic cords

A

bands of parenchyma and stroma lying between sinusoids

where blood cells are actually forming

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19
Q

distribution of hematopoietic cells

A

60% granulocytopoiesis
30% erthyocytopoiesis
10% thrombo-mono-lymphyo-cytopoiesis

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20
Q

myeloid: erythroid ratio

A

3: 1 normal
8: 1 leukemia
1: 5 polycythemia

WBC:RBC

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21
Q

hematopoietic compartments

A
  1. stem cell comp.
  2. differentiating/dividing comp.
  3. functional comp.
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22
Q

bone marrow HSC niche

A

where stem cells have everything they need to carry out their functions

more than/not just a “location”

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23
Q

2 kinds of multipotent precursor cells

A
  1. myeloid stem cell – all blood cells except lymphocytes

2. lymphoid stem cell — lymphocytes

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24
Q

how are hematopoietic stem cells recognized

A

cannot be identified by structure but by cell surface markers

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25
Q

CFU

A

colony forming units

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26
Q

myeloid stem cells give rise to ?

A 
5 different CFUs
erythroid
megakaryocyte
basophil
eosinophil
granulocyte-macrophage
27
Q

why do neutrophils and macrophages mature from the same CFU?

A

because they are both highly phagocytic cells

28
Q

G-CSF

A

granulocyte colony stimulating factor

eosinophils and neutrophils

29
Q

M-CSF

A

monocyte colony stimulating factor

macrophage/monocyte

30
Q

SFC

A

stem cell factor or c-kit ligand

basophil

31
Q

thrombopoietin

A

for megakaryocyte maturation

32
Q

erythropoietin

A

for red blood cell maturation

made in kidneys

33
Q

lymphoid stem cells give rise to two kinds of cell lines

A

t-cell progenitor cells
=t-cells and natural killer cells

b-cell progenitor cells
=b-cells

34
Q

where do t-cell progenitor cells mature

A

thymus

35
Q

where do b-cell progenitor cells mature

A

bone marrow

36
Q

macrophage maturation series

A
  1. monoblast
  2. promonocyte
  3. monocyte
  4. macrophage
37
Q

neutrophil maturation series and significance

A
  1. myeloblast
  2. promyeloblast
  3. myelocyte
  4. metamyelocyte
  5. band cell
  6. end cell

same for eosinophils and basophils
=same for all granulocytes

38
Q

band cell

A

nucleus is band shaped
found in normal blood circulation
final step before neutrophil, eosinophil or basophil maturation

39
Q

osteoclast

A

monocyte in bone

40
Q

Langerhans cell

A

monocyte in skin

41
Q

microglia

A

monocyte in brain

42
Q

red pulp

A

monocyte in spleen

43
Q

Kupffer cell

A

monocyte in liver

44
Q

alveolar macrophage

A

monocyte in lungs

45
Q

in basophil maturation what is the other final product

A

can become a mast cell instead of basophil

46
Q

erythroid CFU maturation

A
  1. proerythroblast
  2. basophilic eblast
  3. polychromatiophilic eblast
  4. orthochromatic eblast
  5. reticulocyte
  6. erythrocyte
47
Q

how are the stages of erythrocyte maturation named?

A

by their changing staining properties
first stains blue because basophilic
by the end it stain pink/redish

48
Q

what is an important difference between erythrocyte CFUs and erythrocytes?

A

nucleation

nucleus lost in orthrochromatic eblast phase

49
Q

ferrotransferrin

A

transferrin + iron

50
Q

apoferritin

A

apotransferrin

ubiquitous iron transfer molecule

51
Q

list the 3 major groups of hematopoietic growth factors

A
  1. colony-stimulating factors
  2. erythropoietin and thrombopoietin
  3. cytokines (interleukins)
52
Q

source of erthyropoietin

A

RBC pathway

produced in kidney in response to decrease oxygen saturation

53
Q

source of thrombopoietin

A

directs formation of megakaryocytes
produced in kidneys, parenchymal cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells of liver

has no therapeutic use

54
Q

examples of cytokines involved in hematopoiesis

A

interleukin-3
GM-CSF
fit-3 ligand
kit ligand

55
Q

GM-CSF

A

produced by endothelial cells
commits cells to granulocyte or monocyte path

associated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy

56
Q

G-CSF

A

produced by endothelial cells

directs differentiation into myeloblasts

chemotherapy or radiation therapy

57
Q

secondary polycythemia

A

any abnormal increase in total RBC count

results from hypoxia and stimulates release of erythropoietin

58
Q

secondary polycythemia

A

any abnormal increase in total RBC count

results from hypoxia and stimulates release of erythropoietin

59
Q

role of cytokines

A

engage specific receptors and activate a variety of signaling pathways

ex. apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation

60
Q

other regulators of hematopoietic growth factors

A

ECM components

chemokines

61
Q

ECM components

A

heparin sulfates
collagens
laminin
fibronectin

62
Q

chemokines

A
  • regulate blood cell trafficking and homing to sites of need
  • can have positive or negative effects
  • ex. Sdf-1
63
Q

binding of chemokines

A

bind to guanine protein coupled transmembrane receptors to signal a specific response

Histology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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