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Histology Exam 2 > L10: Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

L10: Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

hyaline cartilage characteristics

A

most common type
perichondrium
blue-gray color
cell groups

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2
Q

growth patterns of hyaline cartilage

A

appositional

interstitial

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3
Q

locations of hyaline cartilage

A 
external ear canal
larynx
trachea
bronchi
fetal long bones
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4
Q

elastic cartilage characteristics

A 
presence of elastic fibers
perichondrium
yellow color
more flexible
single cells
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5
Q

elastic cartilage locations

A

auricle = outer ear

epiglottis

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6
Q

fibrocartilage characteristics

A

increased collagen bundles
no perichondrium
opaque
single cells in rows

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7
Q

locations of fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs
pubic symphysis
insertion of tendons/lig
closely associated with dense CT and hyaline

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8
Q

what is fibrocartilage also considered?

A

an extension of dense CT instead of a type of cartilage

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9
Q

compare the color/appearance of cartilage types

A

hyaline - translucent blue/gray

elastic - yellow due to elastic fibers

fibrocartilage - opaque due to collagen fibers

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10
Q

collagen fiber types in each cartilage type

A

hyaline and elastic – type II

fibrocartilage – type I

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11
Q

which cartilage types have a perichondrium?

A

hyaline and elastic

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12
Q

what is responsible for the slow healing rates of cartilage?

A

they are avascular

nutrients and oxygen must diffuse through the matrix to reach the cells

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13
Q

perichondrium structure

A

2 layers
1. outer fibrous layer w/ fibroblasts

  1. inner chondrogenic layer
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14
Q

inner chondrogenic layer

A

inner layer of perichondrium

gives rise to chondroblasts
chondrocytes produce fibers and proteoglycans
secrete chondronectin

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15
Q

groups of 2 - 8 chondrocytes in a lacunae

A

isogenous groups

result of mitotic division
cells separate as they excrete ground substance

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16
Q

functions of cartilage

A 
compressible
resist distortion
absorb shock in joints
reduce friction of joints
endochondral growth
bone fracture repair
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17
Q

types of cells

A

chondroblasts - cartilage forming

chondrocytes - cartilage matrix maintenance

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18
Q

matrix components

A

collagen type II - hyaline and elastic
collagen type I - fibrocartilage
ground substance - GAGs

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19
Q

subdivision of matrix in hyaline cartilage

A

territorial matrix

inter-territorial matrix

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20
Q

territorial matrix

A

surrounds each chondrocyte

high GAG > fiber content

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21
Q

inter-territorial matrix

A

surrounds territorial matrix

high fiber > GAG content

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22
Q

features of hyaline slides

A

no fibers
cells are random and can be grouped
territorial matrix
blue-gray color

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23
Q

features of elastic slides

A

like hyaline but with elastic fibers in matrix
random cells
can be grouped or single
naturally yellow but typically not yellow after staining

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24
Q

fibrocartilage features of slides

A

opaque color
ordered bundles of collagen
single rows of cells between collagen

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25
list the types of bone tissue
woven bone spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone compact/lamellar bone
26
compact bone is arranged in a _____ system.
canalicular system canaliculi feed into canals which feed into Volkmann then to blood vessels
27
what type of bone tissues present trabecular?
spongy bone 3D lattice branching of bony spicules intertwined surround marrow spaces
28
concentric lamellae encircling a central blood vessel
osteon or haversian system
29
little lakes
lacunae | house osteocytes
30
_____ canal runs perpendicular to ______ canals.
Volkmann runs perpendicular to haversian canals connect osteons to each other and bone surface/blood vessels
31
unlike cartilage, bone tissue is highly _____ .
vascularized
32
increase in bone length
endochondral growth
33
become osteocytes, become trapped by their own secretions
osteoblasts
34
break down osteoid
osteoclasts
35
components of bone matrix
organic component | inorganic component
36
osteoid
flexible organic component of bone matrix
37
hydroxyapatite
structural strength inorganic component of bone matrix 35-65% of matrix
38
what does a cement line represent?
that this osteon has been remodeled
39
bone tissue of epiphysis, why is this important in long bones such as the femur?
trabecular bone | trabeculae resist shear forces
40
cells that control Ca and Pi concentrations in bone matrix
osteocytes
41
stem cells which become the bone lining cells in adults and give rise to osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
42
osteoblasts are characterized by the presence of ?
alkaline phosphate | Vitamin D3
43
regulates expression of osteocalcin
vitamin D3
44
collagenous proteins produced by osteoblasts
collagen type I
45
Noncollagenous protein produced by osteoblasts
``` RANKL osteocalcin Osteonectin Osteopontin osteoprotegerin ```
46
high binding affinity for hydroxyapatite
osteocalcin
47
binds to RANKL with greater binding affinity than RANK
osteoprotegerin
48
osteoprotegerin binds _____ , thus inhibiting ….?
binds RANKL inhibiting the binding of RANK thus inhibiting the maturation of an osteoclast
49
osteoclasts are a specialized type of ______ .
macrophage
50
ARF cycle
activation ---resorption --- reversal --- formation | bone remodeling steps
51
primary regulator of bone turnover?
parathyroid hormone
52
PTH initially stimulates?
differentiation of monocytes into osteoclasts formation of ruffled border on osteoclasts blocks synthesis of osteoprotegerin
53
low PTH levels
bone formation
54
high PTH levels
bone resorption
55
osteitis fibrosa
elevated PTH levels result in eroded bone and fibrosis of the resulting spaces
56
PTH binding to osteoblast stimulates?
osteoblast to produce: M-CSF RANKL
57
M-CSF
monocyte colony stimulating factor
58
what does M-CSF bind to ?
binds to macrophage | stimulating the cell to express RANK
59
RANK binds to RANKL resulting in?
coupling of the osteoblast and macrophage allowing the macrophage to differentiate into an osteoclast
60
reduces bone resorption
calcitonin
61
maturation of a macrophage
becomes multinucleated uncouples now functional osteoclast

Histology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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