L12: Blood Histology Flashcards
1
Q
blood makes up ___ % of body weight
A
8%
2
Q
pH range of blood
A
7.35 - 7.45
deviation = death
3
Q
blood minus formed elements
A
plasma
4
Q
contents of plasma
A
- blood minus formed elements
contains:
albumin
fibrinogen
immunoglobins
lipids
hormones
vitamins
salts
5
Q
plasma w/o blood clotting factors
A
serum
a protein rich fluid lacking fibrinogen
6
Q
contents of serum
A
-plasma w/o blood clotting factors
contents:
albumin
immunoglobins
other
7
Q
list the 3 layers of centrifuged, heparinized blood
A
- supernatant - plasma
- buffy coat - leukocytes
- precipitate - RBCs
8
Q
female averages
A
- 4-5L of blood
- 38-48% formed elements
- 42% hematocrit
9
Q
male averages
A
- 5-6L of blood
- 44-54% formed elements
- 47% hematocrit
10
Q
list the blood protein groups
A
- fibrinogen
- albumins
- globulins
11
Q
fibrinogen
A
- made in liver
- main blood clotting protein
- target for thrombin
12
Q
albumin
A
- most common protein
- made in liver
- exert major osmotic pressure on BV walls
13
Q
globulins
A
-immunoglobins/antibodies
14
Q
list the 6 blood cell types
A
- erythrocytes
- neutrophils
- basophils
- eosinophils
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
15
Q
what blood component is derived from megakaryocytes?
A
platelets
16
Q
types of leukocytes
A
granulocytes
agranulocytes
17
Q
types of granulocytes
A
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
18
Q
types of agranulocytes
A
monocytes
lymphocytes
19
Q
difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes
A
granules can be seen under normal light microscopy in granulocytes
20
Q
RBC size
A
7 - 7.5 micrometers
21
Q
RBC properties
A
- number increases under erythropoietin
- no granules or organelles
22
Q
define erythropoietin
A
- made in kidneys
- factor that tells bone marrow to make/release more RBCs
23
Q
RBC contents
A
lipids
ATP
carbonic anhydrase
hemoglobin
24
Q
RBC proteins
A
50% are integral proteins
peripheral proteins - spectrin and actin
25
spectrin
- binds cytoskeleton actin to membrane
- results in spectrin-actin network
- part of the calponin family of actin-binding proteins
26
structure of spectrin
- a tetramer of 2 polypeptide chains (alpha/beta)
| - ends of tetramer associate with short actin filaments
27
ankyrin
- links spectrin-actin network to memb.
| - by binding spectrin to band 3
28
band 3
a transmembrane protein that links with spectrin
29
protein 4.1
another link binding spectrin-actin junctions to the transmembrane protein glycophorin
30
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
another name for neutrophil
| means nucleus of many varieties
31
neutrophil size
7-9 micrometers
32
neutrophil characteristics
1. 3-5 lobed nucleus
2. numerus small granules
3. azurophilic granules
4. live 1-2 days
5. secrete enzymes to destroy bacteria
33
neutrophil granules
1. numerus small granules containing hydrolases
| 2. minimal azurophilic granules containing elastase and myelperoxidase
34
basophil structure
7-9 micrometers
bilobed nucleus
large membrane bound granules
35
basophil granules
1. vasoactive substances - serotonin, heparin, kallikrein
| 2. can produce leukotrienes which slow smooth muscle contraction
36
eosinophils are primarily for response to ______ .
parasites
but can also cause allergic rxns
37
eosinophil structure
1. 9-10 micrometers
2. bilobed nucleus often not seen
3. specific granules
38
eosinophil granules
- MBP
- peroxidase
- cationic protein
39
neutralizes heparin and is anti-parasitic
cationic protein
| found in eosinophil granules
40
MBP
major basic protein
disrupts parasite membranes
causes basophils to release histamines
found in eosinophil granules
41
lymphocyte nucleus
large, round, sometimes indented
fills almost entire cell
42
lymphocyte size
variation in size due to cell age
6-8
10-12
up to 18
43
precursor to plasma cells
B lymphocytes
44
precursor to T lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
45
monocyte structure
9-12
largest WBC
kidney shaped nucleus
cytoplasmic granules - sm lysosomes
46
platelets are _______ of _______ cells because ….?
fragments of megakaryocytes because they are too large to exit the bone marrow
so they pinch off pieces of their memb. to enter the blood
47
functions of platelets
1. enhance aggregation by releasing factors
| 2. promote clot formation, retraction and dissolution
48
______ cells release ______ to decrease platelet _____.
endothelial cell release prostacyclin to decrease platelet aggregation
49
the elimination of bleeding
hemostasis
50
define hemostasis
the elimination of bleeding
51
define hematoma
bruise
| accumulation of blood in tissues
52
5 basic steps of hemostatic events in small vessels
1. constriction of smooth muscle
2. constriction of vessels
3. slowing of blood
4. formation of platelet plug
5. coagulation
53
platelets do not normally adhere to blood vessels, so how do they attach during an injury?
injury exposes the BV underlying collagen fibers which platelets adhere to creating the platelet plug
54
weibel-palade bodies
release von Willebrand factor
| which helps platelets adhere in injury
55
what is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathway?
```
intrinsic = all ingredients are found in blood
extrinsic = gets starter from injured tissues
```
both lead to activation of factor x and thus the common pathway
56
another term for Factor XII
Hageman factor
57
draw the intrinsic pathway --- use chart for answer
1. injury-collagen
2. factor XII
3. thrombin + XI activated
4. t = VII + XI
5. XI = IX
6. IX + VIII + Ca = X
= common pathway
58
draw the extrinsic pathway --- use chart for answer
1. injury -- tissue release
2. thromboplastin
3. = VII
4. thromboplastin + VII + Ca = X
59
what activates prothrombin
XII
common path
X + V + Ca = thrombin
60
thrombin + Ca activates
V (no Ca)
XIII
fibrinogen into fibrin
61
fibrin + factor XIII = ?
blood clot
62
explain blood clot dissolution
plasminogen activated by t-PA
= plasmin
plasmin + t-PA = clot dissolution
63
what factor is necessary in the cross-linking of fibrin polymers to stabilize the fibrin gel
XIII
64
most clotting factors are synthesized where?
the liver
65
vitamin ___ is necessary in the synthesis of _____ factors .
vit. K
VII
IX
X
66
homing mechanism for extravasation is activated by various cytokines which are released by ?
mast cells
platelets
damaged tissue cells
67
____ is released by endothelial cells and increases vascular permeability
NO
68
leukocyte extravasation involves two CAMs w/ two phases
selectins phase
| integrins phase
69
in selectin phase, leukocytes display ______ antigens on their membrane for __________ binding.
sialyl lewis-x antigens ( which are carb ligands)
for P-selectin binding
70
when endothelial cells are activated by inflammatory signaling, ______ appears on cell surface during selectin phase
p-selectins
71
describe selectin phase
carb ligands on leukocytes bind CRD of p-selectins of the cells in damaged tissue
thus causing leukocytes to roll along endothelium and slow down for extravasation
72
p-selectins are from _____ ?
weibel-palade bodies
73
during leukocyte integrin phase
- integrin receptors are activated on memb. and bind to ICAM 1/2
- B1/2 integrins on cell bind to VCAM/ICAM on BV
- integrins interacting w/ endothelial ligands promotes extravasation
74
define erythroblastosis fetalis
an antibody induced hemolytic disease in the newborn that is caused by blood group incompatibility between mother and fetus
- when the fetus inherits RBC antigenic determinants that are foreign to the mother
- ABO and Rh groups
75
_____ is a major cause of Rh incompatibility
D antigen
76
why does EF not occur in a first pregnancy?
because IgM is produced but is too large to cross placenta
in following pregnancies a strong IgG response is made which can easily cross placenta
77
consequences to fetus
1. hemolytic anemia = heart and liver injury = edema
2. jaundice = damaged CNS
3. hyperbilirubinemia
78
what hydrops fetalis
edema in babies
| swelling of tissues from excess fluids
