L12: Blood Histology Flashcards
blood makes up ___ % of body weight
8%
pH range of blood
7.35 - 7.45
deviation = death
blood minus formed elements
plasma
contents of plasma
- blood minus formed elements
contains:
albumin
fibrinogen
immunoglobins
lipids
hormones
vitamins
salts
plasma w/o blood clotting factors
serum
a protein rich fluid lacking fibrinogen
contents of serum
-plasma w/o blood clotting factors
contents:
albumin
immunoglobins
other
list the 3 layers of centrifuged, heparinized blood
- supernatant - plasma
- buffy coat - leukocytes
- precipitate - RBCs
female averages
- 4-5L of blood
- 38-48% formed elements
- 42% hematocrit
male averages
- 5-6L of blood
- 44-54% formed elements
- 47% hematocrit
list the blood protein groups
- fibrinogen
- albumins
- globulins
fibrinogen
- made in liver
- main blood clotting protein
- target for thrombin
albumin
- most common protein
- made in liver
- exert major osmotic pressure on BV walls
globulins
-immunoglobins/antibodies
list the 6 blood cell types
- erythrocytes
- neutrophils
- basophils
- eosinophils
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
what blood component is derived from megakaryocytes?
platelets
types of leukocytes
granulocytes
agranulocytes
types of granulocytes
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
types of agranulocytes
monocytes
lymphocytes
difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes
granules can be seen under normal light microscopy in granulocytes
RBC size
7 - 7.5 micrometers
RBC properties
- number increases under erythropoietin
- no granules or organelles
define erythropoietin
- made in kidneys
- factor that tells bone marrow to make/release more RBCs
RBC contents
lipids
ATP
carbonic anhydrase
hemoglobin
RBC proteins
50% are integral proteins
peripheral proteins - spectrin and actin
spectrin
- binds cytoskeleton actin to membrane
- results in spectrin-actin network
- part of the calponin family of actin-binding proteins
structure of spectrin
- a tetramer of 2 polypeptide chains (alpha/beta)
- ends of tetramer associate with short actin filaments
ankyrin
- links spectrin-actin network to memb.
- by binding spectrin to band 3
band 3
a transmembrane protein that links with spectrin
protein 4.1
another link binding spectrin-actin junctions to the transmembrane protein glycophorin
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
another name for neutrophil
means nucleus of many varieties
neutrophil size
7-9 micrometers
neutrophil characteristics
- 3-5 lobed nucleus
- numerus small granules
- azurophilic granules
- live 1-2 days
- secrete enzymes to destroy bacteria
neutrophil granules
- numerus small granules containing hydrolases
2. minimal azurophilic granules containing elastase and myelperoxidase
basophil structure
7-9 micrometers
bilobed nucleus
large membrane bound granules
basophil granules
- vasoactive substances - serotonin, heparin, kallikrein
2. can produce leukotrienes which slow smooth muscle contraction
eosinophils are primarily for response to ______ .
parasites
but can also cause allergic rxns
eosinophil structure
- 9-10 micrometers
- bilobed nucleus often not seen
- specific granules
eosinophil granules
- MBP
- peroxidase
- cationic protein
neutralizes heparin and is anti-parasitic
cationic protein
found in eosinophil granules
MBP
major basic protein
disrupts parasite membranes
causes basophils to release histamines
found in eosinophil granules
lymphocyte nucleus
large, round, sometimes indented
fills almost entire cell
lymphocyte size
variation in size due to cell age
6-8
10-12
up to 18
precursor to plasma cells
B lymphocytes
precursor to T lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
monocyte structure
9-12
largest WBC
kidney shaped nucleus
cytoplasmic granules - sm lysosomes
platelets are _______ of _______ cells because ….?
fragments of megakaryocytes because they are too large to exit the bone marrow
so they pinch off pieces of their memb. to enter the blood
functions of platelets
- enhance aggregation by releasing factors
2. promote clot formation, retraction and dissolution
______ cells release ______ to decrease platelet _____.
endothelial cell release prostacyclin to decrease platelet aggregation
the elimination of bleeding
hemostasis
define hemostasis
the elimination of bleeding
define hematoma
bruise
accumulation of blood in tissues
5 basic steps of hemostatic events in small vessels
- constriction of smooth muscle
- constriction of vessels
- slowing of blood
- formation of platelet plug
- coagulation
platelets do not normally adhere to blood vessels, so how do they attach during an injury?
injury exposes the BV underlying collagen fibers which platelets adhere to creating the platelet plug
weibel-palade bodies
release von Willebrand factor
which helps platelets adhere in injury
what is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathway?
intrinsic = all ingredients are found in blood extrinsic = gets starter from injured tissues
both lead to activation of factor x and thus the common pathway
another term for Factor XII
Hageman factor
draw the intrinsic pathway — use chart for answer
- injury-collagen
- factor XII
- thrombin + XI activated
- t = VII + XI
- XI = IX
- IX + VIII + Ca = X
= common pathway
draw the extrinsic pathway — use chart for answer
- injury – tissue release
- thromboplastin
- = VII
- thromboplastin + VII + Ca = X
what activates prothrombin
XII
common path
X + V + Ca = thrombin
thrombin + Ca activates
V (no Ca)
XIII
fibrinogen into fibrin
fibrin + factor XIII = ?
blood clot
explain blood clot dissolution
plasminogen activated by t-PA
= plasmin
plasmin + t-PA = clot dissolution
what factor is necessary in the cross-linking of fibrin polymers to stabilize the fibrin gel
XIII
most clotting factors are synthesized where?
the liver
vitamin ___ is necessary in the synthesis of _____ factors .
vit. K
VII
IX
X
homing mechanism for extravasation is activated by various cytokines which are released by ?
mast cells
platelets
damaged tissue cells
____ is released by endothelial cells and increases vascular permeability
NO
leukocyte extravasation involves two CAMs w/ two phases
selectins phase
integrins phase
in selectin phase, leukocytes display ______ antigens on their membrane for __________ binding.
sialyl lewis-x antigens ( which are carb ligands)
for P-selectin binding
when endothelial cells are activated by inflammatory signaling, ______ appears on cell surface during selectin phase
p-selectins
describe selectin phase
carb ligands on leukocytes bind CRD of p-selectins of the cells in damaged tissue
thus causing leukocytes to roll along endothelium and slow down for extravasation
p-selectins are from _____ ?
weibel-palade bodies
during leukocyte integrin phase
- integrin receptors are activated on memb. and bind to ICAM 1/2
- B1/2 integrins on cell bind to VCAM/ICAM on BV
- integrins interacting w/ endothelial ligands promotes extravasation
define erythroblastosis fetalis
an antibody induced hemolytic disease in the newborn that is caused by blood group incompatibility between mother and fetus
- when the fetus inherits RBC antigenic determinants that are foreign to the mother
- ABO and Rh groups
_____ is a major cause of Rh incompatibility
D antigen
why does EF not occur in a first pregnancy?
because IgM is produced but is too large to cross placenta
in following pregnancies a strong IgG response is made which can easily cross placenta
consequences to fetus
- hemolytic anemia = heart and liver injury = edema
- jaundice = damaged CNS
- hyperbilirubinemia
what hydrops fetalis
edema in babies
swelling of tissues from excess fluids
