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Biology (Semester 2) > L16, 17 & 18: Organ Systems > Flashcards

L16, 17 & 18: Organ Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

True or false: The word “visceral” relates to organs

A

True

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2
Q

In an organ, you have at least two tissues that work together. You have the main tissue and the __?__ tissue(s).

A

Sporadic

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3
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

The skin and it’s derived organs.

hair, nails, glands, and nerve-endings

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4
Q

What are the 2 primary layers of the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis (corium)

(There is also a sub-layer known as the hypodermis)

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5
Q

Describe the contact between the dermis and the epidermis

A

Hummocky and ridged (dermal papilla protrude into the epidermis to counter shear forces)

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6
Q

The epidermis forms a waterproof barrier made up of multiple strata. What are these strata (starting at the top)

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale/germinativum
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7
Q

What fixture holds stratum basale to the basement membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes

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8
Q

Stratum granulosum contains cells with granular cytoplasm. What do these cells do?

A

Secrete lipids to waterproof the skin

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9
Q

What is melanin?

A

A pigment secreted by melanocytes. It is passed to keratinocytes where it surrounds the nucleus and protects it from UV damage.

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10
Q

True or false: Melanocytes are protected from UV damage

A

False. They pass the UV-blocking melanin to keratinocytes and are left unprotected

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11
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

Discs that ‘feel’ or are sensitive to touch. Slow-adapting and possibly play a neuroendocrine role.

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12
Q

Stratum spinosum has a spiny/thorny appearance (hence the name). Describe the structure of stratum spinosum.

A

8-10 layers of polygonal cells (keratinocytes) attached to each other by desmosomes (cadherin proteins).

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13
Q

The keratinocytes in stratum spinosum display pyknosis. What is this?

A

Darkened nuclei that are an early sign of apoptosis/autophagy

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14
Q

By what method is melanin delivered to keratinocytes?

A

Cytocrine transfer: direct delivery of cytoplasm and organelles between cells

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15
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

Langerhans cells (intraepidermal macrophages) are found specifically in the spinosum. Created in the bone marrow; transfer to the epidermis to aid immune cells.

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16
Q

Describe a melanocyte

A

A cell in contact with the basement membrane with tendrils that extend up through the epidermis enabling cytocrine transfer of melanin pigment

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17
Q

Describe the structure of stratum granulosum

A

Consists of 1-5 layers, superficial layers are often anucleate (apoptosis began in the spinosum)

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18
Q

What is characteristic of the cells in stratum granulosum?

A

They have a granular appearance due to the build up of keratohyalin proteins, and are often anucleate - or in the process of denucleation

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19
Q

True or false: Epidermal polymodal free-nerve endings encompass all layers of the epidermis

A

False. Epidermal polymodal free nerve endings encompass all layers up to the stratum granulosum

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20
Q

Stratum lucidum is the second layer from the top. Describe it

A

(Lucid = clear) 3-5 layers of anucleate cells. Contains eleidin (a type of keratin)

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21
Q

What is the top layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum. It is made of dead, flat cells that are full of keratin to make a waterproof barrier

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22
Q

What is desquamation?

A

Shedding of cells

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23
Q

A cell’s journey from the basale to the surface takes 2-4 weeks. What major processes take place in this time?

A

Keratinisation and apoptosis

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24
Q

What is the name of the layer of skin beneath the epidermis?

A

Dermis

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25
Q

What type of tissue is the dermis?

A

Connective tissue

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26
Q

What are the two sublayers within the dermis?

A

1) Papillary

2) Reticular

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27
Q

What proportion of the dermis is taken up by the papillary layer?

A

One fifth

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28
Q

The papillary layer is made of loose areolar connective tissue. What does “areolar tissue” mean?

A

Loose and irregularly arranged

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29
Q

What are papillae?

A

Ridges on the papillary layer that cause fingerprints in thick skin on hands and feet

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30
Q

Define “corpuscle”.

A

A minute body or cell

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31
Q

What are Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

Mechanoreceptor in the papillary layer that detect light touch

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32
Q

Do Meissner’s corpuscles have encapsulated or free nerve endings? Are they myelinated?

A

Encapsulated; non-myelinated.

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33
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles detect touch. Are they slowly or rapidly adapting?

A

Rapidly adapting (e.g. you stop feeling your clothes)

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34
Q

True or false: The papillary layer is avascular

A

False. It is highly vascularised.

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35
Q

What three shapes can you get from fingerprints?

A
  1. Loops (60-70%)
  2. Whorls (25-35%)
  3. Arches (5%)
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36
Q

Which layer of the dermis is dense and irregular?

A

Reticular layer

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37
Q

In which layer would you find hair follicles?

A

Reticular layer

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38
Q

Fill in the gaps:

__1__ corpuscles detect deep touch, pressure and __2__. They are __3__ adapting and can be found in the __4__ layer.

A

1) Pacinian
2) vibration
3) rapidly
4) reticular

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39
Q

Fill in the gaps:

__1__ corpuscles detect stretch. They are __2__ adapting and can be found in the __3__ layer.

A

1) Ruffini
2) slowly
3) reticular

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40
Q

What mode of secretion takes place in sudoriferous glands?

A) Apocrine
B) Holocrine
C) Merocrine
D) Endocrine

A

C) Merocrine

Sudoriferous glands are sweat glands

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41
Q

In which layer of the skin are the ducts of the merocrine sudoriferous glands located?

A

Reticular layer

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42
Q

True or false: The Meissner’s, Pacinian and Ruffini corpuscles are all encapsulated mechanoreceptors?

A

True

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43
Q

What mode of secretion takes place in sebaceous glands?

A) Apocrine
B) Holocrine
C) Merocrine
D) Endocrine

A

B) Holocrine

Sebaceous glands secrete oil/sebum

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44
Q

If a mechanoreceptor is large with vague borders, what could it be?

A

Either a Pacinian or Ruffini corpuscle

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45
Q

If a mechanoreceptor detects the stimuli throughout it’s contact, what type could it be?

A

It must be slowly adapting, therefore either Merkel’s disc or Ruffini corpuscle

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46
Q

If a stimulus is picked up by a Meissner’s corpuscle, will the sensation remain throughout the contact?

A

No, as Meissner’s corpuscles are rapid adapters

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47
Q

What is the name given to the part of the integumentary system that attaches the skin to the underlying organs?

A

Hypodermis

subcutis, superficial fascia

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48
Q

In which part of the integumentary system might you find adipose tissue?

A

Hypodermis

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49
Q

In which part of the integumentary system might you find dermal papillae?

A

Dermis, in the papillary layer

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50
Q

What accessory organs might you find as part of the integumentary system?

A

Hairs
Nails
Glands

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51
Q

Hairs are epidermal growths that have what three functions?

A

1) Protection
2) Thermoregulation
3) Display

52
Q

What components are involved with hair?

A

1) Shaft, root, follicle
2) Sebaceous glands
3) Arrector pili muscle
4) Hair root nerve plexus (touch)

53
Q

What is vellus hair?

A

Short, thin hair that covers most of the body. May be converted into terminal hair in some areas (armpit, pubic, beard etc..)

54
Q

What is lanugo?

A

The woolly hair that covers babies - present in utero

55
Q

What response occurs when body temperature rises above normal?

A

Nervous system signal dermal blood vessels to dilate and sweat glands to secrete, to bring temperature down.

56
Q

What response occurs when body temperature drops below normal?

A

Nervous system signals dermal blood vessels to constrict and sweat glands remain inactive, to conserve heat. Muscles may contract involuntarily to generate heat.

57
Q

Why are abrasions typically more painful than lacerations?

A

More nerves are damaged in abrasions

58
Q

A patient presents with black eschar scabs. What do they have?

A

Third degree burn

59
Q

Fill in the gap:

Sunburn is a __?__ degree burn.

A

first

60
Q

Which type of burn blisters?

A

Second degree

61
Q

Which skin cancer:

  • occurs in stratum basale
  • has a pearl-like appearance
  • is the most common cancer
  • rarely metastasises
A

Basal cell carcinoma

62
Q

Which skin cancer:

  • occurs in stratum spinosum
  • occurs in the elderly
  • is the second most common cancer
  • can metastasise
A

Squamous cell carcinoma

63
Q

Which skin cancer:

  • involves the melanocytes and existing moles
  • can metastasise
  • can be lethal
A

Malignant melanoma

64
Q

How do you identify a malignant melanoma?

A

ABCD

Asymmetry
Border is irregular
Colour is mixed
Diameter >6mm

65
Q

What are the four types of injection site?

A
  • Intradermal
  • Intravenous
  • Subcutaneous
  • Intramuscular
66
Q

True or false:

The cardiovascular system is involved in temperature regulation, immunity, and acid-base balance.

A

True

67
Q

Which system is involved in:

  • Ventilation/gas exchange
  • Acid-base balance
  • Communication
  • Defence from pathogens
A

Respiratory system

68
Q

What are the three components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Blood
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
69
Q

True or false:

Blood is typically slightly acidic

A

False, it should be slightly alkaline (pH 7.35-7.45)

70
Q

True or false: Blood is a type of tissue

A

True. Blood is classified as connective tissue

71
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

72
Q

What is the scientific name given to white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

73
Q

Which components of blood are anucleate?

A

Erythrocytes and platelets/thrombocytes

74
Q

What are thrombocyte?

A

Platelets

75
Q

Which white blood cells are involved with specific immunity?

A

Lymphocytes

76
Q

Which white blood cells are involved with allergens/parasites?

A

Eosinophil

77
Q

Which white blood cells are involved with histamine/heparin?

A

Basophil

78
Q

Which white blood cells are active phagocytes?

A

Neutrophil

79
Q

Which white blood cells are macrophages?

A

Monocytes

80
Q

What is the role of erythrocytes with regards to gas exchange?

A

Erythrocytes contain haemoglobin to bind O2 and CO2 for gas exchange

81
Q

True or false: While CO2 can bind to erythrocytes, most of it is transported in the plasma in dissolved form.

A

True

82
Q

What are alveolar type I cells?

A

Squamous alveolar cells

83
Q

What are alveolar type II cells?

A

Septal cells

84
Q

Which nerve has a positive chronotropic effect (increases HR) and a positive inotropic effect (increases force of contraction)?

A

Cardiac accelerator

85
Q

What is the route taken by electrical activity from the SA node?

A

SA node –> intermodal tracts –> AV node –> bundle of His –> interventricular septum –> Purkinje fibres

86
Q

What effect does vagal tone have on the sinus rhythm of the SA node?

A

Decreases it

87
Q

What are the three main layers of blood vessel walls?

A

Tunica externa (outermost)

Tunica media (middle)

Tunica intima (innermost)

88
Q

Which of the blood vessel tunics contains elastic and collagen fibres?

A

All three of them

89
Q

Which blood Bessel tunic is made of concentric smooth muscle tissue?

A

Tunica media

90
Q

Which blood vessel tunic is made from squamous epithelium (endothelium) and basement membrane?

A

Tunica intima

91
Q

The aorta and pulmonary trunk are examples of what type of blood vessel?

A

Elastic (large) arteries

92
Q

What is vasa vasorum?

A

The blood supply that supplies large arteries

93
Q

Elastic (large) arteries have a very elastic tunica media, with very few muscle cells. What effect does this elasticity have?

A

Maintains blood pressure, evens out pulse force

94
Q

True or false: Elastic (large) arteries have their own blood and nerve supply

A

True

95
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of large veins?

A. All 3 tunica layers
B. Relatively thick tunica media
C. Vasa vasorum
D. Nerve supply

A

B. Relatively thick tunica media

Large veins have a relatively thin tunica media

96
Q

The majority of arteries are __1__ (medium) arteries - also called __2__ arteries.

A
  1. muscular

2. distribution

97
Q

True or false: Muscular arteries do not have a vasa vasorum

A

False. Larger muscular arteries have a vasa vasorum and a nerve supply.

98
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle cells in tunica media?

A

Change the diameter of the lumen (vasoconstriction/ vasodilation)

99
Q

Where are valves found in medium sized veins?

A

Tunica intima

100
Q

Arterioles are also known as __?__

A

Resistance vessels

101
Q

True or false: Arterioles have thin, incomplete or no tunica externa and a thin or incomplete tunica media

A

True

Although the tunica is thin or incomplete, arterioles are still capable of vasoconstriction/ dilation

102
Q

Which of the following are true of venules:

A. Collect blood from capillaries
B. Contain valves
C. Posses all three tunics
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

103
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of capillaries:

A. Endothelial tube inside thin basement membrane
B. No tunica externa
C. Thin tunica media
D. Diameter is fairly similar to red blood cell

A

C. Thin tunica media

Capillaries have no tunica media

104
Q

What are the three types of capillary?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal

105
Q

Where would you find fenestrated capillaries?

A

Kidney

106
Q

Where would you find sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Spleen, bone marrow

107
Q

What controls capillary bed perfusion?

A

Sphincters from the metarteriole

108
Q

What term describes peak arterial pressure during ventricular contraction?

A

Systolic pressure

109
Q

What term describes minimum arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation?

A

Diastolic pressure

110
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

111
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

diastolic pressure + a third pulse pressure

112
Q

Which of the following will increase BP?

A. Increase lumen diameter
B. Decrease vessel length
C. Increase blood viscosity
D. Decrease venous return

A

C. Increase blood viscosity

113
Q

What do the kidneys do in response to hypoxia?

A

(hypoxia = low oxygen)

Kidneys release erythropoietin which compels bones to produce red blood cells

114
Q

What 6 components make up the urinary system?

A

Kidneys (x2)
Ureters (x2)
Urinary bladder
Urethra

115
Q

What are the three tubes connected to the kidney?

A

Renal artery, renal vein, ureter

116
Q

What is the hilus

A

A central fissure on the exterior of the kidney

117
Q

Each renal lobe consists of what?

A

1 renal pyramid, overlaying area renal cortex, half of each adjacent renal column

118
Q

What is a nephron?

A

A functional unit in the kidney

119
Q

What are the two parts of a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubule

120
Q

What components make a renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Glomerulus

2. Bowman’s capsule

121
Q

What components make a renal tubule?

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. Distal convoluted tubule
  4. Collecting duct
122
Q

What is the relationship between the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule?

A

Bowman’s capsule envelopes the glomerulus

123
Q

Where would you find a ball of fenestrated capillaries?

A

The glomerulus of the renal corpuscle

124
Q

Where is blood filtered to create a plasma-like filtrate?

A

Glomerulus

125
Q

Where does water get reabsorbed into the blood?

A

Can be reabsorbed all along the renal tubule

126
Q

Is the renal corpuscle found in the cortex or the medulla?

A

Cortex

127
Q

Which part of the nephron can be seen in the renal medulla?

A

The loop of Henle

Biology (Semester 2) (11 decks)

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