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Biology (Semester 2) > L15: Tissues of the Human Body > Flashcards

L15: Tissues of the Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four types of tissue found in the body?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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2
Q

True or false: Tissues are made up of cells with a similar embryological origin

A

True

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3
Q

True or false: Tissues are made up of different types of cells with varying functions

A

False. Tissues are made up of similar cells that are specialised for a particular function

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4
Q

Fill in the gap:

Tissues are made up of cells and, often, ______.

A

Matrix

This is non-living material produced by cells

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5
Q

What type of molecule forms the matrix?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Usually sulphated GAGs.

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6
Q

Because the matrix is formed by GAGs, what does it say about the compressibility of tissue matrix?

A

It will have a low compressibility

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7
Q

What is “histology”?

A

The study of tissues

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8
Q

If the primary role of a tissue is to protect something else, what type of tissue could it be?

A

Epithelial or connective.

Muscle and nervous tissue don’t generally serve to provide protection.

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9
Q

If the primary role of a tissue is to serve as a lining of some sort, what type of tissue could it be?

A

Epithelial

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10
Q

If the primary role of a tissue is locomotion, which type of tissue could it be?

A

Muscle

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11
Q

If the primary role of a tissue is the movement of food, what type of tissue could it be?

A

Muscle

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12
Q

If the primary role of a tissue is filtration or secretion, what type of tissue could it be?

A

Epithelial

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13
Q

If the primary role of a tissue is support and binding, what type of tissue could it be?

A

Connective tissue

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14
Q

If the primary role of a tissue is to transmit impulses to achieve communication, coordination and control, what type of tissue could it be?

A

Nervous

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15
Q

If the primary role of a tissue is energy storage, what type of tissue could it be?

A

Connective

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16
Q

What type of tissue are bone, ligaments, and tendons?

A

Connective

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17
Q

Which type of tissue responds to stimuli?

A

Nervous tissue

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18
Q

There are 5 subtypes of epithelial tissue. What are they?

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
  4. Ciliated
  5. Glandular
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19
Q

There are 3 subtypes of muscular tissue. What are they?

A
  1. Striated
  2. Nonstriated
  3. Cardiac
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20
Q

There are 5 subtypes of connective tissue. What are they?

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Dense regular (tendons & ligaments)
  3. Adipose
  4. Skeletal (cartilage & bone)
  5. Fluid (blood & lymph)
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21
Q

True or false: Nervous tissue is not classified into subtypes

A

True

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22
Q

True or false: Epithelial cells are always arranged in multiple strata

A

False.

Epithelial cells are closely packed in single continuous sheets or in multiple layers

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23
Q

How are cells attached to each other?

A

Junctions between them

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24
Q

Define ‘apical surface’

A

The epithelial tissue’s surface which is exposed. This could be in a body cavity, lining an organ, or exposed to the exterior (skin)

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25
Q

True or false: You might find microvilli or cilia on the apical surface

A

True

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26
Q

What is the difference between microvilli and cilia?

A

Microvilli increase the surface area of the cell; cilia are microtubules that aid the transportation of substances across the surface of the cell

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27
Q

Define ‘basal surface’

A

The surface of epithelial tissue that is attached to a basement membrane.

This basement membrane is secreted by the cells and adheres the epithelial tissue to nearby connective tissue.

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28
Q

Describe the blood flow to epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial cells are avascular, so there is no blood flow.

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29
Q

If they are avascular, how does epithelial tissue get a supply of nutrients, and dispose of waste?

A

They rely on diffusion from the capillaries in connective tissue

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30
Q

True or false: Epithelia do not have a nerve supply

A

False. Usually there is a nerve supply to epithelial tissues

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31
Q

How do epithelia usually regenerate?

A

Mitosis replaces cells lost to wear and tear

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32
Q

What is an endothelium?

A

The epithelium exposed on the inside of a structure (e.g lining of blood vessel)

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33
Q

What is a mesothelium?

A

the epithelium that lines the pleurae, peritoneum, and pericardium

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34
Q

True or false: There are epithelial cells with a sensory function

A

True. For example, nasal cells can detect chemical stimuli and retinal epithelial cells can detect light

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35
Q

What are the 5 functions of simple epithelium?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Osmosis
  3. Filtration
  4. Secretion
  5. Absorption
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36
Q

Describe simple epithelium

A

Single layer of epithelial cells, each cell reaching the apical and basal surface

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37
Q

Describe stratified epithelium

A

Multiple layers of cells

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38
Q

What is the main function of stratified epithelium?

A

Protect deeper layers from wear and tear

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39
Q

What is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

A single layer of cells which appears to have multiple layers. Not all cells reach the surface.

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40
Q

Some pseudostratified epithelia are __1__ or secrete __2__ (aka __3__ cells)

A
  1. ciliated
  2. mucus
  3. goblet
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41
Q

What term is used to describe epithelia which are flat, with oval nuclei?

A

Squamous

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42
Q

Why are squamous cells thin?

A

To promote diffusion

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43
Q

What term is used to describe epithelia which are cube-like, with central nuclei?

A

Cuboidal

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44
Q

What are the functions of cuboidal cells?

A

Can produce secretions and participate in absorption

45
Q

What term is used to describe epithelia which are column-shaped, with variable nuclei?

A

Columnar

46
Q

What are the functions of columnar cells?

A

Protect underlying tissue and can be involved in secretion and absorption

47
Q

What term is used to describe epithelia which can change shape to accommodate distension, expansion, or movement of body parts?

A

Transitional

E.g. In the bladder. When empty the cells are cuboidal; when the bladder is full, the cells are squamous.

48
Q

What are the rules for naming epithelium?

A
  1. Firstly, name the type of layering (simple, stratified, or pseudostratified)
  2. Then by cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional)
  3. If it has multiple layers of different type, name it after the top layer
49
Q

What type of epithelia line the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

50
Q

What type of epithelia line the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous

51
Q

What type of epithelia line the lung alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

52
Q

What type of epithelia line the intestines?

A

Simple columnar

53
Q

What type of epithelia line the kidney tubules?

A

Simple cuboidal

54
Q

Which epithelium:

  • is adapted for absorption and secretion?
  • can possess a brush border of microvilli
  • can contain goblet cells which produce mucus
  • lines the digestive tract, gall bladder, and large ducts of glands
A

Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium

55
Q

Give three places in the body where you could find ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A
  1. Uterus
  2. Bronchi
  3. Paranasal sinuses
56
Q

Fill in the gaps:

Ciliated simple columnar cells possess apical ___1___ formed from ___2___ and aid in movement of substances across epithelial surface.

A

(1) cilia

(2) microtubules

57
Q

What would you call a single layer of column-shaped cells that appears multi-layered?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia

58
Q

Are pseudostratified columnar epithelia ciliated or non-ciliated?

A

Can be either ciliated or non-ciliated

59
Q

Where can you find non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

A

Found in parts of the male urethra

60
Q

Could you find goblet cells on non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

A

No

61
Q

In stratified epithelia with multiple cell types, how do determine the name of tissue?

A

It would be named after the top-most layer

62
Q

What is the primary function of stratified squamous epithelia?

A

Protects against abrasion

63
Q

What cell types can you expect to find in stratified squamous epithelia?

A

Top layer is squamous, lower layers are cuboidal and columnar

64
Q

In stratified squamous epithelia, how are the top cells replaced?

A

Top layers slough off; base layers are mitotic and replicate to replace lost cells

65
Q

Fill in the gaps:

Stratified squamous epithelia can be non-___1___ or ___2___ by the protein ___3___

A

(1) keratinised
(2) keratinised
(3) keratin

66
Q

Fill in the gaps:

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelia remains __1__ and lines the __2__, __3__ and __4__.

A

(1) moist
(2) mouth
(3) vagina
(4) anus

67
Q

Where is keratin produced?

A

Keratinocytes - basal cuboidal/columnar cells found in the stratified squamous epithelia of the skin

68
Q

Describe the journey of a cell travelling from the basal layer to the top to replace a sloughed off cell.

A

Mitotic basal cells divide and the daughter travels up through the layers of cuboidal and columnar cells. As this happens, the traveling cells fill with keratin (keratinisation), become squamous and anucleate, and eventually die (apoptosis) as they reach the top layer

69
Q

What is desquamation?

A

The keratinised cells are sloughed off

70
Q

Why do we need keratinised cells?

A

To form a waterproof barrier that protects against abrasion and pathogenic organisms

71
Q

Describe the appearance of the cells on the top layer of skin

A

No nucleus, no shape

72
Q

What are the 3 (or 4) zones of the epidermis?

A
  1. Superficial zone
  2. Intermediate zone
  3. Basal zone
    (4. Basement membrane)
73
Q

The top layer of stratified cuboidal epithelia is made up of what cell type?

A

Cuboidal

74
Q

True or false: Stratified cuboidal epithelia is mainly protective

A

True

75
Q

Where would you find stratified cuboidal epithelia?

A

Larger salivary glands, parts of the male urethra

76
Q

True or false: The main function of stratified columnar epithelia is secretion

A

False. The main function is protection, but it is sometimes also involved in secretion

77
Q

Where would you find stratified columnar epithelia?

A

Salivary glands and parts of the male urethra

78
Q

What are transitional epithelia?

A

Variable cells that can accommodate stretching without rupture

79
Q

What functions do transitional epithelia have? What junction types support this? Where are they found?

A

Function: Hold fluids, prevent leaking, resist diffusion

Junction: Tight cell junctions

Location: Urinary bladder, ureters, and parts of the urethra

80
Q

What is a gland?

A

A single or a group of epithelial cells adapted for secretion

81
Q

There are two major types of glands. What are they called?

A

1) Exocrine glands

2) Endocrine glands

82
Q

Which type of gland secretes materials directly into the ducts or onto the apical epithelial surface?

A

Exocrine glands - composed of glandular epithelia and secrete mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, and digestive enzymes

83
Q

Which type of gland secretes materials through the basal surface, which diffuses through the basement membrane, connective tissue and into the bloodstream?

A

Endocrine glands - produce hormones

84
Q

What structural classifications can be applied to exocrine glands?

A

1) Unicellular

2) Multicellular

85
Q

True or false: Unicellular glands usually have ducts

A

False. Unicellular glands never have ducts

86
Q

True or false: Goblet cells secrete mucus and are examples of unicellular glands

A

True

87
Q

True or false: Most glands are multicellular

A

True

88
Q

Multicellular glands usually involve ducts. What are shape classifications that can be applied to duct systems?

A

1) Tubular
2) Alveolar

Each can either be simple (meaning the duct portion is unbranched) or compound (meaning the duct portion branches)

89
Q

True or false: Simple tubular ducts can be sub-classified again as being simple, coiled, or branched

A

True

90
Q

Which duct system looks like a maple leaf?

A

Compound tubular

91
Q

Which duct system looks like an experimental flask?

A

Simple alveolar

92
Q

What are the three functional classifications of exocrine glands?

A

1) Holocrine
2) Apocrine
3) Merocrine (eccrine)

93
Q

How does a holocrine gland secrete?

A

The cell accumulates the substance to be secreted and then disintegrates, releasing the substance

94
Q

How does a merocrine gland secrete?

A

Merocrine glands secrete by exocytosis and the cells remain undamaged

95
Q

How does an apocrine gland secrete?

A

Small pieces of cell containing secretion break off and the cell repairs itself

96
Q

Give an example of a holocrine gland and its secretion

A

Sebaceous glands secreting oil

97
Q

Give an example of a merocrine (eccrine) gland and its secretion

A

Sweat glands secreting sweat

98
Q

Give an example of an apocrine gland and its secretion

A

Mammary gland secreting milk lipid droplets

99
Q

What is the main difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Endocrine are always ductless; exocrine usually have ducts

100
Q

True or false: Endocrine glands usually act close to the target of the secretion

A

False. They are often at a distance and rely on the blood stream to carry their hormone to the right part of the body

101
Q

True or false: Exocrine ducts work via basal secretion

A

False. Endocrine ducts work via basal secretion

102
Q

True or false: Endocrine secretion diffuses into bloodstream?

A

True

103
Q

Which tissue type is responsible for protection, lining, secretion, filtration, and absorption?

A

Epithelial

104
Q

Which tissue type is responsible for protection, support and binding, energy storage, transport, and immunity?

A

Connective

105
Q

What is the most abundant tissue in the body?

A

Connective

106
Q

True or false: Similar developmental origin are responsible for groupings within connective tissues

A

True

107
Q

What is the difference between epithelial tissue and connective tissues with regards to the cell-to-matrix ratio?

A

Connective tissue has fewer cells and more matrix

108
Q

SLIDE 50

A

SLIDE 50

Biology (Semester 2) (11 decks)

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