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Anatomy - E2 - Lectures > L15 - Scalp/ Meninges > Flashcards

L15 - Scalp/ Meninges Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

what are the layers of the scalp?

A
  • skin
  • connective tissue
  • aponeurosis (frontalis//occipitalis)
  • loose areolar tissue
  • pericranium (periosteum)
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2
Q

what are the cutaneous nerve supply to the scalp?

A

CN V: opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

Cervical spinal nerves:

  • ventral rami of C2, C3 (greater auricular nerve; C2,3) (lesser occipital nerve; C2)
  • dorsal ramus of C2 (greater occipital nerve)
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3
Q

what vascular branches supply the scalp?

A

branches of the external and internal carotid

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4
Q

name the branches of the external carotid?

A
  • occipital
  • posterior auricular
  • superficial temporal
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5
Q

name the branches of the internal carotid

A

supratrochlear

supraorbital

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6
Q

describe the arterial supply to the brain

A
  • brain is supplied by: two internnal carotid arteries; two vertebral arteries
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7
Q

where do the four arteries lie?

A

within the subarachnoid space;

they anastomose on the inferior surface of the brain and form the circle of willis

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8
Q

what is the function of the circle of willis

A

interconnects the internal carotid and vertebral system to create alternative routes for blood flow in case of blockage

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9
Q

what are the components of the circle of willis

A
  • posterior cerebral arteries
  • internal carotids/ middle cerebral arteries
  • anterior cerebral arteries
  • anterior communicating artery
  • posterior communicating arteries
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10
Q

what are the blood vessels in the meninges?

A
  • anterior meningeal arteries**
  • middle meningeal artery**

emissary veins
diploic veins
cerebral veins

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11
Q

EXAM: describe the anterior meningeal arteries

A
  • from ethmoidal arteries and internal carotid
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12
Q

describe the meningeal artery

A
  • from maxillary artery
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13
Q

describe the emissary veins

A
  • between dural venous sinuses and external veins
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14
Q

meninges and spaces: superficial to deep

A
  • epidural space (absent around brain)
  • dura mater
  • subdural space
  • Leptomeninx:
    = arachnoid membrane
    = arachnoid villi
    = pia mater
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15
Q

describe the dura mater

A
  • tough mater

- tough, thick sheet of dense fibrous CT

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16
Q

what happens in cranial cavity?

A
  • it lines the inside of the cranial vault bone and serves as the periosteum
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17
Q

what happens around the spinal cord?

A
  • the dura mater forms a connective tissue tube that is separated from the bone of the vertebral foramina by a space referred to as the epidural space
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18
Q

is there any epidural space in the skull?

A

no

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19
Q

what are within the dura mater?

A

large, endothelial- lined venous sinuses that receive blood from the cerebral drainage as well as cerebrospinal fluid via the arachnoid villi

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20
Q

what separates the dura mater from the subdural space?

A

a layer of dural border cells

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21
Q

what are the dura mater reflections? describe them

A
  • falx cerebri: midline fold of DM extending btwn 2 cerebral hemispheres
  • tentorium cerebelli: dural fold located between cerebellum and occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres
  • falx cerebelli: dural fold beteween two cerebellar hemispheres
  • diaphragma sallae: dural fold over hypophyseal fossa
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22
Q

what are dural sinuses?

A
  • dural venous sinuses are endothelial-lined spaces between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura
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23
Q

what sinuses does the dural sinuses include?

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A
  • superior sagittal
  • inferior sagittal
  • straight
  • confluence of sinuses
  • transverse
  • sigmoid
  • cavernous
  • superior petrosal
  • inferior petrosal
  • sphenoparietal
  • basilar venous plexus
24
Q

describe the superior sagittal sinus

Study These Flashcards
A
  • lies along superior margin of falx cerebri

- begins at crista galli and ends at occipital protuberance

25
describe the inferior sagittal sinus
- lies along inferior margin of falx cerebri | - ends in straight sinus
26
describe the straight sinus
- lies at intersection of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli - formed at intersection of inferior sagittal sinus with great cerebral vein - joins confluence of sinuses
27
describe the confluence of sinuses
- common confluence of superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinuses, and straight sinus
28
describe the transverse sinus
- begin at confluence of sinuses - extends along edges of tentorium cerebelli - right receives blood from superior sagittal sinus - left (dominant) receives blood from straight sinus
29
describe the sigmoid sinus
- continuous on either side of straight sinus - S shaped - end at jugular foramina - become internal jugular veins
30
describe the cavernous
- large venous plexus on each side of sella turcica
31
describe the superior petrosal
- run on either side from cavernous sinus to junction of transverse and sigmoid sinus
32
describe inferior petrosal
- run on either side from cavernous sinus to junction of sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein
33
describe the arachnoid
- intermediate layer | - meninx composed of delicate CT
34
what does the outer layer of the arachnoid face?
the subdural space and is made up of a single layer of arachnoid barrier cells
35
what is the arachnoid attached to?
the underlying pia mater by delicate strands of CT called arachnoid trabeculae
36
what are the spaces btwn the arachnoid and the pia mater called?
they are collectively referred to as the subarachnoid space
37
where is the cerebrospinal fluid?
it fills the subarachnoid space
38
describe the arachnoid villi
they are made up of arachnoid barrier cells extend from the outer surface of the arachnoid into the overlaying venous sinuses of the dura mater
39
what does it allow?
allows for cerebrospinal fluid to flow from the subarachnoid space into the dural sinuses
40
T/F: the arachnoid grandulations (fovea granulares) may pit surrounding bone
true
41
meninges layers
- scalp - skull - periosteal dura mater - meningeal dura mater - arachnoid mater - subarachnoid space - pia mater - cerebral cortex
42
what spaces are within the arachnoid mater?
- subarachnoid ciscterns | - hydrocephalous
43
describe the subarachnoid cisterns
- choroid plexuses | - flow of CSF: arachnoid villi; arachnoid grandulations
44
describe the hydrocephalous
- obstructive | - communicating
45
describe the pia mater
- innermost layer | - thin, delicate sheet of CT that lies directly on the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord
46
what does it follow?
the countours of the brain and dips into the fissures and sulci, lining them as well
47
what is the CT of the PM continous with?
the perivascular CT of cerebral and spinal cord blood vessels
48
what is the PM very tightly attached to?
the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord and cannot be removed without damaging the nervous tissue
49
what does the PM cover?
perivascular spaces, which are tunnels
50
what are the spinal cord meninges?
- epidural space - dura mater - arachnoid mater - subarachnoid space - pia mater - denticulate ligaments - filum terminale
51
what does the epidural space contain?
epidural fat and internal venous plexus
52
what is the filum terminale
extension of dural sac from conus medullaris to coccyx
53
describe the upper part of the spinal cord
- anterior spinal artery from union of vertebral arteries - sulcal branches from anterior spinal artery into anterior median fissure - posterior spinal arteries branch fomr vertebral arteries or from posteroinferior cerebellar arteries
54
key: what doe the spinal branches arise from?
- the vertebral intercostal, lumbar, or sacral artery, depending on level of spinal cord
55
describe the circulation of CSF
choroid plexus --> ventricles --> thru apertures --> subarachnoid space --> arachnoid villi --> into dural venous sinuses --> into internal jugular veins

Anatomy - E2 - Lectures (7 decks)

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