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Anatomy - E2 - Lectures > L15 - Scalp/ Meninges > Flashcards

L15 - Scalp/ Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

what are the layers of the scalp?

A
  • skin
  • connective tissue
  • aponeurosis (frontalis//occipitalis)
  • loose areolar tissue
  • pericranium (periosteum)
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2
Q

what are the cutaneous nerve supply to the scalp?

A

CN V: opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

Cervical spinal nerves:

  • ventral rami of C2, C3 (greater auricular nerve; C2,3) (lesser occipital nerve; C2)
  • dorsal ramus of C2 (greater occipital nerve)
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3
Q

what vascular branches supply the scalp?

A

branches of the external and internal carotid

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4
Q

name the branches of the external carotid?

A
  • occipital
  • posterior auricular
  • superficial temporal
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5
Q

name the branches of the internal carotid

A

supratrochlear

supraorbital

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6
Q

describe the arterial supply to the brain

A
  • brain is supplied by: two internnal carotid arteries; two vertebral arteries
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7
Q

where do the four arteries lie?

A

within the subarachnoid space;

they anastomose on the inferior surface of the brain and form the circle of willis

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8
Q

what is the function of the circle of willis

A

interconnects the internal carotid and vertebral system to create alternative routes for blood flow in case of blockage

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9
Q

what are the components of the circle of willis

A
  • posterior cerebral arteries
  • internal carotids/ middle cerebral arteries
  • anterior cerebral arteries
  • anterior communicating artery
  • posterior communicating arteries
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10
Q

what are the blood vessels in the meninges?

A
  • anterior meningeal arteries**
  • middle meningeal artery**

emissary veins
diploic veins
cerebral veins

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11
Q

EXAM: describe the anterior meningeal arteries

A
  • from ethmoidal arteries and internal carotid
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12
Q

describe the meningeal artery

A
  • from maxillary artery
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13
Q

describe the emissary veins

A
  • between dural venous sinuses and external veins
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14
Q

meninges and spaces: superficial to deep

A
  • epidural space (absent around brain)
  • dura mater
  • subdural space
  • Leptomeninx:
    = arachnoid membrane
    = arachnoid villi
    = pia mater
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15
Q

describe the dura mater

A
  • tough mater

- tough, thick sheet of dense fibrous CT

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16
Q

what happens in cranial cavity?

A
  • it lines the inside of the cranial vault bone and serves as the periosteum
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17
Q

what happens around the spinal cord?

A
  • the dura mater forms a connective tissue tube that is separated from the bone of the vertebral foramina by a space referred to as the epidural space
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18
Q

is there any epidural space in the skull?

A

no

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19
Q

what are within the dura mater?

A

large, endothelial- lined venous sinuses that receive blood from the cerebral drainage as well as cerebrospinal fluid via the arachnoid villi

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20
Q

what separates the dura mater from the subdural space?

A

a layer of dural border cells

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21
Q

what are the dura mater reflections? describe them

A
  • falx cerebri: midline fold of DM extending btwn 2 cerebral hemispheres
  • tentorium cerebelli: dural fold located between cerebellum and occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres
  • falx cerebelli: dural fold beteween two cerebellar hemispheres
  • diaphragma sallae: dural fold over hypophyseal fossa
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22
Q

what are dural sinuses?

A
  • dural venous sinuses are endothelial-lined spaces between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura
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23
Q

what sinuses does the dural sinuses include?

A
  • superior sagittal
  • inferior sagittal
  • straight
  • confluence of sinuses
  • transverse
  • sigmoid
  • cavernous
  • superior petrosal
  • inferior petrosal
  • sphenoparietal
  • basilar venous plexus
24
Q

describe the superior sagittal sinus

A
  • lies along superior margin of falx cerebri

- begins at crista galli and ends at occipital protuberance

25
Q

describe the inferior sagittal sinus

A
  • lies along inferior margin of falx cerebri

- ends in straight sinus

26
Q

describe the straight sinus

A
  • lies at intersection of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
  • formed at intersection of inferior sagittal sinus with great cerebral vein
  • joins confluence of sinuses
27
Q

describe the confluence of sinuses

A
  • common confluence of superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinuses, and straight sinus
28
Q

describe the transverse sinus

A
  • begin at confluence of sinuses
  • extends along edges of tentorium cerebelli
  • right receives blood from superior sagittal sinus
  • left (dominant) receives blood from straight sinus
29
Q

describe the sigmoid sinus

A
  • continuous on either side of straight sinus
  • S shaped
  • end at jugular foramina
  • become internal jugular veins
30
Q

describe the cavernous

A
  • large venous plexus on each side of sella turcica
31
Q

describe the superior petrosal

A
  • run on either side from cavernous sinus to junction of transverse and sigmoid sinus
32
Q

describe inferior petrosal

A
  • run on either side from cavernous sinus to junction of sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein
33
Q

describe the arachnoid

A
  • intermediate layer

- meninx composed of delicate CT

34
Q

what does the outer layer of the arachnoid face?

A

the subdural space and is made up of a single layer of arachnoid barrier cells

35
Q

what is the arachnoid attached to?

A

the underlying pia mater by delicate strands of CT called arachnoid trabeculae

36
Q

what are the spaces btwn the arachnoid and the pia mater called?

A

they are collectively referred to as the subarachnoid space

37
Q

where is the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

it fills the subarachnoid space

38
Q

describe the arachnoid villi

A

they are made up of arachnoid barrier cells

extend from the outer surface of the arachnoid into the overlaying venous sinuses of the dura mater

39
Q

what does it allow?

A

allows for cerebrospinal fluid to flow from the subarachnoid space into the dural sinuses

40
Q

T/F: the arachnoid grandulations (fovea granulares) may pit surrounding bone

A

true

41
Q

meninges layers

A
  • scalp
  • skull
  • periosteal dura mater
  • meningeal dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • subarachnoid space
  • pia mater
  • cerebral cortex
42
Q

what spaces are within the arachnoid mater?

A
  • subarachnoid ciscterns

- hydrocephalous

43
Q

describe the subarachnoid cisterns

A
  • choroid plexuses

- flow of CSF: arachnoid villi; arachnoid grandulations

44
Q

describe the hydrocephalous

A
  • obstructive

- communicating

45
Q

describe the pia mater

A
  • innermost layer

- thin, delicate sheet of CT that lies directly on the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord

46
Q

what does it follow?

A

the countours of the brain and dips into the fissures and sulci, lining them as well

47
Q

what is the CT of the PM continous with?

A

the perivascular CT of cerebral and spinal cord blood vessels

48
Q

what is the PM very tightly attached to?

A

the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord and cannot be removed without damaging the nervous tissue

49
Q

what does the PM cover?

A

perivascular spaces, which are tunnels

50
Q

what are the spinal cord meninges?

A
  • epidural space
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • subarachnoid space
  • pia mater
  • denticulate ligaments
  • filum terminale
51
Q

what does the epidural space contain?

A

epidural fat and internal venous plexus

52
Q

what is the filum terminale

A

extension of dural sac from conus medullaris to coccyx

53
Q

describe the upper part of the spinal cord

A
  • anterior spinal artery from union of vertebral arteries
  • sulcal branches from anterior spinal artery into anterior median fissure
  • posterior spinal arteries branch fomr vertebral arteries or from posteroinferior cerebellar arteries
54
Q

key: what doe the spinal branches arise from?

A
  • the vertebral intercostal, lumbar, or sacral artery, depending on level of spinal cord
55
Q

describe the circulation of CSF

A

choroid plexus –> ventricles –> thru apertures –> subarachnoid space –> arachnoid villi –> into dural venous sinuses –> into internal jugular veins

Anatomy - E2 - Lectures (7 decks)

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