L14 Adolescent Development and Nutrition Flashcards
What are the ages and groups during adolescence?
Begins at puberty and ends at adulthood.
Early adolescence: 10-14 years
Late adolescence: 15-19 years
Early adulthood: 20-24 years
Why is adolescence an important age to develop healthy eating and lifestyle behaviors?
The risk for non-communicable disease accumulates throughout life. The risks for disease accumulated throughout adolescence carries on into adulthood.
What are some physiological changes that occur during adolescence?
Puberty begins. Puberty includes changes in sexual maturation, increased rates on gains of weight and height, completion of skeletal growth, and changes of body compostition.
How do the WHO Growth Charts for 2-19 year olds reflect the changes in body composition?
Height and weight plateau due to gains of lean body mass rather than fat.
Most lean body mass is gained in adolescence.
What are the percentile ranges for underweight and severly undrweight for 5-19 year olds as per the WHO Growth Charts?
*BMI for age is used for 5-19 year olds
underweight: <3rd percentile
severely underweight: <0.1st percentile
What are the percentile ranges for risk of overweight and overweight for 5-19 year olds as per the WHO Growth Charts?
Risk for overweight is no longer a category
Overweight: >85th percentile
What are the percentile ranges for obese and severly obese for 5-19 year olds as per the WHO Growth Charts?
*BMI for age is used for 5-19 year olds
Obese: >97th percentile
Severly obese: >99.9th percentile
When does sexual maturation occur in females and how long does it last?
What causes it and what happens? (X4)
8-12 years old and lasts about 5 years
estrogen increases and causes reproduction organ maturation, secondary sex characteristics develop, and then menarche occurs at about the middle of puberty.
What are the 5 stages of puberty and what occurs during these stages?
What does SMR stand for?
1 - breasts are prepubertal and there is no pubic hair gorwth
2- breasts are small (raised breast bud) with sparse pubic hair growth
3 - breasts and areola are raised and the pubic hair becomes coarse and curly
4 - the nipple and areola are projected and the pubic hair becomes adult like and less spread
5 - breasts become mature and contoured, pubic hair becomes adult in type and quanitity
When does growth rate peak in females and at what stages of puberty does this occur?
At about age 12 but is difficult to asses by just age.
Peak growth rate occurs at about stage 3 of puberty for breast and pubic hair growth.
When does sexual maturation occur in males and how long does it last?
What causes it and what happens? (X5)
begins at about 9.5 -13.5 years of age and lasts about 4 years.
There is an increase in testosterone which casues an increase in testicular volume, changes in external genetalia, beginning of sperm production, and the development of secondary sex characteristics.
What are the 5 stages of puberty for males?
1 - external genetlia is prepubertal and there is not pubic hair growth
2 - growth of scrotum and testes with sparse pubic hair growth
3 - penis growth and there is an increase of pubic hair ith coarsening and curling
4 - growth of the genital glands, testes, penis and scrotum. Pubic hair is adult like but with less spread.
5 - genitals are mature and adult in size and shape. Pubi hair is adult in type and quanitity.
When does growth rate peak in males and at what stages of puberty does this occur?
Growth rate peaks at about 13-14 years of age and rate is more rapid than in females.
This occurs betwee the 3rd and 4th stages of puberty.
What are some physiological changes that occur during adolescence?
The stages of development are consistent but the durtion and timing varies with each person. The nutritional needs change with the stages.
Sex hormones and growth hormones mediate the changes in height and weight.
There are gains in bone mass, muscle, organs, blood volume, and fat mass.
How does body composition change in females during puberty?
There is a peak weight gain after a peak height velocity right before menarche.
There is an increase in both lean and fat mass. 120% gain in fat mass and a 44% gain in lean mass.
Proportions of fat mass increases and lean mass decrease.
How does body composition change in males during puberty?
Peak weight gain coincides with peak velocity in height gains.
There is an increase in lean body mass and a decrease in fat mass. The proportions of FM decrease and LM increase.
Why has the age of menarche decreased?
An increase in BMI.
Leptin from adipose stores signals that there is enough energy stores to begin puberty. This signals the removal of the supression of the hormone GnRH.
An increase in leptin an estrogen from adipose can casue the early onset of puberty.
What is the role of leptin in males and females?
Females: an increase in leptin occurs about 6 months before the first menarche and relates to glutofemoral fat.
In males, an increase in leptin comes before the initiation of puberty but then leptin concentrations decline.
What are some consequences of an early first menses?
There are some social and behavioral impacts: unwanted attention, physical development does not coincide with cognitive dvelopment, and hanging out with older groups.
There is an increased risk in metabolic syndrome, and increased risk of breast cancer related to increased BMI.
How does congnitive development change durin adolescence?
There is a shift from concrete to abstract thinking.
In early adolescence thinking is concrete, egocentrism, and impulsive behavior.
In middle adolescence there is still concrete thinking but the beginning of abstract thought begings.
In late adolescence there is abstract thinking.
At what ages does social development occur and what is developing?
At about 12 to 24 years of age. Development of: independence self identity body image relationships individual beleifs and behaviors related to lifestyle choices
