L14 Flashcards
Where does H. Heidelbergensis fit in?
Appears to have evolved from H. erectus in Africa or Europe at least 600,000 years ago, spread out to colonize both Africa and Europe, and in the process gave rise to H. neanderthalensis (in Europe/Western Asia by 400,000) and H. sapiens (in Africa by 200,000).
What did H heidelbergensis give rise to?
H. neanderthalis (in Europe/Western Asia by 400,000)
and
H. sapiens (in Africa by 200,000).
Neanderthals
Evolves from H. heidelbergensis in Europe/western Asia
Adapted to the cold and routine heavy work as hunter gatherers operating in small nomadic groups
Robustly built (males 1.67m & 64kg: females 1.60m & 50 kg)
Protruding face with long nasal passages
Large brain (1450 cc)
?Limited speech (hyoid bones; larynx structure; large hypoglossal canal)
Practiced ritual burial
Produced stone tools and worked wood
Neanderthals brain size
1450cc
Larger than sapiens but a smaller brain to bodyweight ratio
Neanderthal size
Robustly built (males 1.67m & 64kg: females 1.60m & 50 kg)
Spread of Neanderthals
-Confined to europe and across through desert asia
Neanderthal burials
-Maneuvered into foetal position
-Goods often found in graves eg flowers, tools, jewellery
Two models for the evolution of Homo sapiens
- The single, recent-origin model, in Which Africa serves as the source of modern humans, who then replaced established populations
- The multiregional evolution model, which balances gene flow between separate geographical populations and maintenance of regional anatomical integrity
In Africa
Modern sapiens populations are from ergaster
In europe
-Ergaster evolves into neanderthals and sapiens
- Comparing differences across humanity today are very deep
-Most people reject this
Multiregional model
-African and Eurasian H. ergaster/erectus evolves into various species of Homo in different parts of the world (i.e. the regional differences we see today in populations of H. sapiens is a consequence of independent evolution from H. erectus [possibly with some gene exchange]).
In the multiregional model african and eurasian ergaster/ erectus evolves into various species of homo in different parts of the world
This is rejected due to out of Africa ll
Out of Africa ll model
African H. ergaster/erectus evolves into H. heidelbergensis in Africa or Europe (at least 600,000 years ago). H. heidelbergensis migrates throughout Africa and Europe giving rise to H. neanderthalensis in Europe (ca. 400,000 years ago) and H. sapiens in African (ca. 200,000 years ago). By ca. 100,000 years ago H. sapiens migrates out of Africa. These new Homo species outcompetes archaic hominins (H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis & Co.).
Whole planet population
Shallower difference between europeans, africans and asians
What happens to the Neanderthals etc?
-Sapiens are more cognitively developed than neanderthals, Ergaster all other
-Trace of neanderthals east to west trajectory
- Outcompete neanderthals in Europe
-Competitive replacement or genocide?
Genocide more likely
Neanderthals died off in and east-west progression between 40,000 to 27,000 years ago. The occurrence of AMHs follows the same trajectory.
What about denisovan man?
-Cave deposit siberia
-Teeth and finger bone 41,000 years old
-Not homo sapiens or neanderthals
-It shares some DNA with extant h sapiens populations that migrated east as do neanderthals with extant h sapiens populations that migrated west
-Interbreeding
What about the hobbit people of Indonesia?
Features (5)
-Dwarfed hominin
-30kg 1 metre tall
-417cm3 brain
-Used tools and fire
-Hunted dwarfed elephants and giant lizards
H. erectus lived in Indonesia from 1 Ma but H. sapiens only arrived 12,000 years ago.
Dwarfed Hominin (evolving from H. erectus by insular dwarfing) or pathological condition (microcephaly) affecting H. sapiens.
Probably the former:-
It has a primitive foot similar to H. erectus (or even H. habilis);
Brain size measurements on dwarfed hippos suggest that the reduction in brain size is feasible.
