L13: Classification Of Bones And Joint (alyaa) Flashcards
How many bones in the body?
206
Skeletal divisions and the amount of bones they each contain:
Bones are classified according to their structure, which are?
- Compact
- Cancellous or spongy
Describe the compact structure of the bone:
Solid mass; dense & hard
forms the outer layer of bone structure functional unit — Haversian system
Describe the Cancellous/spongy form of a bone
contains spaces filled with red bone marrow
Bones are classified according to their shape, which are?
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Irregular bones
- Flat bones
Features of a long bone
Each long bone consists of?
1) Diaphysis (In the middle)
• filled with yellow marrow
• cylindrical, large space or canal at the center
• periosteum
2) Epiphysis (At the end)
• made up of cancellous tissue
What type of marrow is in a childs/adults bone?
Adults: yellow marrow (fat)
Child: red marrow
What shape is the humerus?
Long bone
What shape is the femur?
Long bone
What shape is the radius?
Long bone
What shape is the ulna?
Long bone
What shape is the tibia?
Long bone
What shape is the fibula?
Long bone
What shape are the phalanges?
Long bone
(Can be classified as long or short but the dr wants it as long)
Membranes covering the long bone:
How can you differentiate between a childs and an adults long bone?
What are the features of short bones?
- cuboidal in shape
-spongy bone covered with thin coat of compact bone
What is a sesamoid bone?
short bone embedded in a tendon
What shape is the patella?
Short bone
What shape are the carpals (wrist)?
Short bones
What bone shape are the tarsals? (Ankle)
Short bones
What are flat bones + their function?
• broad or elongated flat plates
• protection & muscle attachments
Bones of the skull are what shape?
Flat bones
The sternum is what shape?
Flat bone
The ribs are what shape?
Flat bones
The scapula is what shape?
Flat bones
What are the features of irregular bones?
All other bones not assigned to the previous groups (long, short, flat)
The vertebrae are what shape?
Irregular bones
The sacrum and coccyx are what shape?
Irregular bones
Bones at the base of the skull are what shape?
Irregular bones
Bones are classified according to development, which are?
- Membranous
- Cartilagenous
Examples of membranous bones:
- bones of the skull
- mandible
What are membranous bones?
Bones that start as fibrous membrane, calcium gradually deposited until structure becomes ossified (intramembranous ossification)
Examples of cartilaginous bones
Long bones ONLY
What are Cartilagenous bones?
Cartilagenous bones start as totally cartilage, gradually ossified endochondral or intracartilagenous ossification.
Bones are supplied by 4 arteries, which are:
- Epiphyseal artery
- Metaphyseal artery
- Periosteal artery
- Nutrient artery
Describe the vascular supply of the bone:
How does the nutrient artery enter the bone?
This artery enters the shaft (or diaphysis) through the nutrient foramen
The nutrient artery anastomoses with the rest of the arteries where?
At the place of metaphyses
What supplies the medullary/cortex?
Nutrient Artery:
- nourishes the WHOLE medullary cavity
- inner 2/3 of the cortex (as well as metaphysis)
Periosteal arteries:
- supply OUTER 1/3 portion of the cortex
Where are epiphyseal arteries found?
on the non-articular bony surfaces.
Arthrology?
is the study of the joints
Joints are classified by?
- By their freedom of movement
- By how the 2 bones are joined together
Joints are classified by their freedom of movement:
Joints are classified by the manner adjacent bones are
joined:
(Basically ys2al shnu the type of joints)
- Fibrous
(have collagen fibers spanning the space between bones) - Cartilaginous
(have 2 bones bound to each other by cartilage) - Bony
(have 2 bones fused by osseous tissue) - Synovial joints
[Have a synovial capsule (collagenous structure) surrounding the entire joint]
Examples of fibrous joints:
- Sutures (cranial)
- Gomphoses (between gum & teeth)
- Syndesmoses (between 2 long bones)
Examples + types of Cartilaginous joints:
Example of bony joints
Synostoses (occurs normally in the fusion of cranial bones to form the adult skull.)
Types of synovial joints and their examples
Ligament and tendon attachments:
Ligament: bone-bone
Tendon: bone-muscle
Articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage covering the bone surfaces
Meniscus
is a pad of fibrocartilage in the jaw, wrist, knee
Describe the capsule of a synovial joint
- Synovial capsule (collagenous structure) surrounding the entire joint
- Have a synovial membrane (the inner layer of the capsule) which secretes synovial fluid (a lubricating liquid) inside the cavity
What forms the outer layer of the bone structure functional unit?
Compact bone
What membranes cover the bone?
- The periosteum (the outer membrane)
- The endosteum (the inner membrane)
The periosteum covers almost all bones except?
except places capped in cartilage and the spots where ligaments and tendons attach.
True or false?
Cancellous bone in adults have more spaces and bone marrow than a child does.
False, it’s the opposite
Explain why in a child, the epiphyseal plates have large spaces?
Compositions of flat bones?
- 2 thin layers of compact
- Enclosing a thin layer of spongy bone
What is synovial fluid?
Lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
The most common classification of joint within the human body is?
Synovial Joints (diarthrosis)
What are synovial joints?
Joints between two or more bones without intervening cartilage or fibrocartilage, other than articular cartilage.
Example of a plane (gliding) joint?
Intercarpal Joints
Example of hinge joint?
Elbow/knee
(Flexion extension only)
Example of Elipsoid (condyloid)?
Wrist joint
