**L12 - Cognitive Interview Flashcards
WHY was the COGNITIVE INTERVIEW DEVELOPED?
FISHER ET AL studied REAL POLICE INTERVIEWS OVER A 4 MONTH PERIOD and found that questions were BRIEF, DIRECT, FACT BASED and CLOSED.
WITNESSES WERE OFTEN INTERRUPTED and NOT ALLOWED TO EXPAND UPON THEIR ANSWERS.
This was referred to as the STANDARD INTERVIEW.
FISHER ET AL argued that this might be CONTRIBUTING to the FAILURE OF EYEWITNESSES TO ACCURATELY RECALL the event they had witnessed
who developed the cognitive interview and why did they do it?
GEISELMAN ET AL developed the COGNITIVE INTERVIEW to IMPROVE POLICE INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES and OBTAIN MORE ACCURATE INFORMATION FROM EYEWITNESSES.
what is the structure of a COGNITIVE INTERVIEW? (NAME THE STAGES - CRRR)
A COGNITIVE INTERVIEW consists of 4 MAIN STAGES:
1) CONTEXT REINSTATEMENT
2) REPORT EVERYTHING
3) RECALL FROM CHANGED PERSPECTIVE
4) RECALL IN CHANGED ORDER
what is CONTEXT REINSTATEMENT? (C)
CONTEXT REINSTATEMENT is when the witness tries to MENTALLY RECREATE an IMAGE OF THE SITUATION, including DETAILS OF THE ENVIRONMENT, such as the weather conditions and their emotional state and feelings at the time of the incident.
These may act as RETRIEVAL CUES (context dependent cues) to IMPROVE RECALL
what is REPORT EVERYTHING? (R)
REPORT EVERYTHING is when the INTERVIEWER ENCOURAGES THE WITNESS to RECALL ALL DETAILS ABOUT THE EVENT, even though some details may seem to be UNIMPORTANT.
This may HIGHLIGHT DETAILS WHICH HAVE BEEN OVERLOOKED and TRIGGER OTHER MEMORIES.
what is RECALL FROM CHANGED PERSPECTIVE? (R)
RECALL FROM CHANGED PERSPECTIVE is when the witness tries to MENTALLY RECREATE THE SITUATION from DIFFERENT POITS OF VIEW.
E.g describing what ANOTHER WITNESS PRESENT AT THE SCENE would have seen - this presents a MORE HOLISTIC VIEW OF THE EVENT which might ENHANCE RECALL and REDUCE THE INFLUENCE OF SCHEMAS.
SCHEMAS are MENTAL STRUCTURES OF PRECONCEIVED IDEAS
what is RECALL IN REVERSE ORDER?
RECALL IN REVERSE ORDER is when the witness is asked to RECALL THE SCENE in a DIFFERENT ORDER, e.g from the END TO THE BEGINNING.
This should VERIFY THE ACCURACY of the WITNESSES’ ACCOUNT and REDUCE THE POSSIBILITY that RECALL MAY BE INFLUENCED by SCHEMAS/EXPECTATIONS.
what is the ENHANCED COGNITIVE INTERVIEW?
After the COGNITIVE INTERVIEW was developed by GEISELMAN ET AL, FISHER ADDED ADDITIONAL GUIDELINES for POLICE INTERVIEWS.
what are the ADDITIONAL GUIDELINES ADDED BY FISHER (ENHANCED COGNITIVE INTERVIEW)? (UAEO)
- (U) USE OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS
- (E) ENCOURAGE the witness to RELAX and SPEAK SLOWLY (this will reduce anxiety and may enhance recall)
- (A) AVOID DISTRACTIONS
- (O) OFFER COMMENTS to help clarify witness statements (may improve detail of the statement)
+ GEISELMAN ET AL (EVALUATING COGNITIVE INTERVIEW)
+ GEISELMAN ET AL showed pps a VIDEO OF A SIMULATED CRIME and TESTED RECALL using the COGNITIVE INTERVIEW led to the MOST INFORMATION BEING RECALLED BY THE EYEWITNESSES
+ FISHER ET AL (EVALUATING COGNITIVE INTERVIEW)
+ FISHER ET AL TRAINED REAL POLICE OFFICERS IN MIAMI to use the ENHANCED COGNITIVE INTERVIEW WHEN INTERVIEWING EYEWITNESSES.
They found that on AVERAGE there was a 46% INCREASE in the amount of information witnesses gave, 90% OF THE INFORMATION THAT COULD BE VERIFIED WAS ACCURATE
- KOEHNKEN ET AL (EVALUATING COGNITIVE INTERVIEW)
- KOEHNKEN ET AL found that WITNESSES RECALLED MORE INCORRECT INFORMATION when interviewed with the COGNITIVE INTERVIEW compared to the STANDARD INTERVIEW TECHNIQUE, perhaps because more detailed recall INCREASES THE CHANCE OF MAKING A MISTAKE
- TIME CONSUMING (EVALUATING COGNITIVE INTERVIEW)
- The cognitive interview is TIME CONSUMING to implement and POLICE OFFICERS DO NOT HAVE THE TIME, TRAINING AND RESOURCES TO USE IT
- MEMON ET AL (EVALUATING COGNITIVE INTERVIEW)
- MEMON ET AL reported that POLICE OFFICERS believed that the RECALL FROM CHANGED PERSPECTIVE stage of the COGNITIVE INTERVIEW MISLEADS WITNESSES into SPECULATING ABOUT THE EVENT THEY WITNESSED RATHER THAN REPORTING WHAT THEY ACTUALLY SAW.
For this reason the POLICE WERE RELUCTANT TO USE IT
