L12

Question 1

true or false, both mitochondria and chloroplast generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation or photsynthesis

Answer 1

true

Question 2

true or false, the largest amount of DNA is found in eukaryotes in their nuclear chromosome

Answer 2

true

Question 3

which is bigger, the chloroplast or the mitochondria

Answer 3

chloroplast

Question 4

what does endosymbiosis mean

Answer 4

refers to a cell living inside another cell, called the host

Question 5

what does the endosymbiotic theory propose

Answer 5

that the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells arose from eubacteria

Question 6

what are some evidences for the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 6

• double membrane
• ribosomes are more similar to prokaryote ribosomes
• replicate by splitting process that is similar to certain prokaryotes
• mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in size to eubacteria and have their own DNA which is not associated with histones or other proteins

Question 7

true or false, the mitochondria and chloroplast DNA is inherited independently of the nuclear genome

Answer 7

true

Question 8

what do you call the mitochondria DNA and the chloroplast DNA respectively

Answer 8

mtDNA and cpDNA; the DNA is sometimes packed into sub organellar structures called nucleoids

Question 9

what shape are mitochondria and chloroplast DNA

Answer 9

circular, not highly condensed

Question 10

true or false, the mitochondrial genome in most species varies between 15000 bp and 65 000 bp

Answer 10

true

Question 11

true or false, the mtDNA is inherited from your mother

Answer 11

true

Question 12

desrcibe the human mtDNA

Answer 12

is a circular molecule
encodes for 2 rRNA
22 tRNAs
13 proteins

Question 13

true or false, the mtDNA base pair have different composition: the heavy strand has more guanine and the light strand has more cytosine

Answer 13

true

Question 14

what do you call the origin of replication for the heavy strand in mtDNA

Answer 14

d-loop

Question 15

true or false, the human mtDNA has no introns, highly economic in its organisation, few non coding nucleotides between genes and all mRNAs are translated

Answer 15

true

Question 16

true or false, the yeast mtDNA is much bigger than the human mtDNA

Answer 16

true

Question 17

how does the yeast mtDNA differ from the human mtDNA

Answer 17

due to the yeast mtDNA six extra genes

Question 18

true or false, most extra DNA in yeast consists of introns and non coding sequences

Answer 18

true

Question 19

what form of inheritance do the chloroplast and mitochondria exhibit

Answer 19

uniparental inheritance

Question 20

true or false, male inheritance of organelles is common in gymnosperms and in a few angiosperms

Answer 20

true

Question 21

true or false, in animals the mtDNA is inherited almost exclusively from the female parent

Answer 21

true; this is because only the nuclei of the sperm penetrate the egg

Question 22

what causes variegated leaves

Answer 22

caused by mutation in the cpDNA

Question 23

what is heteroplasmy

Answer 23

cells can be a mixture of mutant and normal organelles

Question 24

how does cytoplasmic segregation occur

Answer 24

when the two types approportion themselves in different daughter cells; the process results from chance partitioning in the course of cell division

Question 25

what is the cause of white leaves in plants

Answer 25

a mutation in chloroplast genes which control the green pigment chlorophyll

Question 26

true or false, eggs from a variegated plant can be heteroplasmic and can therefore produce another variegated plant

Answer 26

true