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BIOL2220 > L11 Biosynthesis of lipids > Flashcards

L11 Biosynthesis of lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Where does fatty acids synthesis and fatty acid oxidation takes place in plants?

A

fatty acids synthesis: Chloroplasts
fatty acid oxidation: Glyoxysomes

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2
Q

Where does fatty acids synthesis and fatty acid oxidation takes place in animals?

A

fatty acids synthesis: Cytosol
fatty acid oxidation: Mitochondris

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3
Q

Where does acety-CoA production take place in animal cells?

A

Mitochondrias

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4
Q

Where does ketone body synthesis take place in animal cells?

A

Mitochondrias

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5
Q

Where does fatty acid elongation take place in animal cells?

A

Mitochondrias

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6
Q

Where does NADPH production take place in animals and plants respectively?

A

animal: Cytosol
plant: Chloroplasts

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7
Q

Is the biosynthesis of fatty acid simply the reverse of fatty acid beta-oxidation？

A

No

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8
Q

What are the two enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acid?

A

(1) Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
(2) Fatty Acid Synthase

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9
Q

What reaction does Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase catalyzes?

A

the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA

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10
Q

What is the committed metabolite for fatty acid biosynthesis in animals?

A

malonyl-CoA

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11
Q

What is the prosthetic group in Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase?

A

Biotin

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12
Q

How many attachment points for acyl chains in the Fatty Acid Synthase complex?

A

3

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13
Q

What are the 4 steps of reactions happen on the site of Fatty Acid Synthase?

A

condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction

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14
Q

At the end of each cycle of reaction happends on the site of Fatty Acid Synthase, how many carbons are added to the growing fatty acyl chain?

A

2

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15
Q

When the fatty acyl chain has reached how many carbons after how many cycles, it is cleaced from the Acyl Carrier Protein?

A

When it has reached 16 carbons after 7 cycles

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16
Q

What is the function of Acyl Carrier Protein?

A

It contains a phosphopantetheine group for attachment of an acyl chain

17
Q

What is the reductant in the two steps of reduction happen on the site of Fatty Acid Synthase?

A

NADPH

18
Q

Triclosan can inhibit fatty acid synthesis, what enzyme does it specifically inhibit in bacteria?

A

Enoyl-ACP reductase

19
Q

Which two transporters is responsible for transporting acetyl-CoA from mitochondrion to cytosol for fatty acid synthesis?

A

Tricarboxylate transporter and tricarboxylate transporters

20
Q

What is the sourse of acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrion?

A

(1) Pyruvate, which is derived from glucose by lycolysis incytosol
(2) Amino acid catabolism in matrix
Thus, carbohydrates and amino acids can be used to make fatty acids

21
Q

Which metabolite does Tricarboxylate transporter transport?

A

Citrate

22
Q

Animals do not have enzymes to introduce double bonds beyond which carbon?

A

C9
Thus, when you see fatty acids with derta number bigger thatn 9, they are essential fatty acids for us

23
Q

Where does biosynthesis of triacylglycerols take place?

A

In cytosol

24
Q

Which metabolite inhibits entry of fatty acyl-CoA into mitochondria?

A

Malonyl-CoA

25
Q

Glucagon can regulate fatty acid metabolism, explain how.

A

(1) Activates lipase in adipocyte
(2) Increases cAMP level which causes acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation, thus inhibits it

26
Q

Insulin can regulate fatty acid metabolism, explain how.

A

Decreases cAMP level which causes acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation, thus activates it

27
Q

What are the two alternative biosynthesis pathways for glycerophopholipids?

A

(1) Acitvation of polar head group by CTP
(2) Activation of phosphatidate

28
Q

What is the backbone of glycerophospholipids?

A

Glycerol backbone

29
Q

What is the backbone of sphingolipids?

A

a C-18 amino alcohol backbone (Sphinganine)

30
Q

Give me two examples of eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandin and thromboxanes; both are potent signalling molecules

31
Q

What is prostaglandin used for?

A

(1) Trigger pain and inflammation
(2) Regulate the release of mucin for stomach protection

32
Q

What is throboxanes used for?

A

Blood clotting

33
Q

What is the first enzyme in eicosanoid biosynthesis?

A

Prostaglandin H2 synthase (COX)

34
Q

Which enzyme is pain killers/ anti-inflammatory drugs targeting at?

A

Prostaglandin H2 synthase (COX)

35
Q

What are the main steps of cholesterol biosynthesis?

A

(1) Formation of mevalonate
(2) Formation of isoprene units
(3) Formation of squalene
(4) Formation of cholesterol

36
Q

Which enzyme is the cholesterol-lowering drugs targetting at?

A

HMG-CoA reductase;
cholesterol-lowering drugs are structural analogs of HMG-CoA, which act as competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA

BIOL2220 (14 decks)

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