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CMB2004 > L11 > Flashcards

L11 Flashcards

1
Q

What cells secrete IFN gamma?

A

CTL (cytotoxic t lymophocytes?) and other cells

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2
Q

What does IFN gamma do?

A

Enhance expression of MHCI (endogenous derived peptides ) (IFN gamma R on cell and then transcription
effects on MHC I locus)

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3
Q

Why is having more MHCI more likely to get a better immune response?

A

More Ag presentation by increased no. of MHCI molecules

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4
Q

What happens to cells that lack MHCI?

A

More likely to be killed by NK cells

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5
Q

What is the other role of IFN gamma?

A

Activate NK cells

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6
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Active and passive

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7
Q

Give an example of the two types of active immunity and how it’s acquired?

A

Being exposed to a pathogen naturally, or getting a vaccine

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8
Q

Give an example of the two types of passive immunity and how it’s acquired?

A

Naturally acquired (breastfeeding) or artificially acquired (acquiring Ab from another person)

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9
Q

How do we achieve immunisation

A

Through vaccination

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10
Q

What is the half life for passive immunity?

A

Short (half-life of IgG about 3 weeks)

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11
Q

Give some examples of medical uses of passive immunity

A

Hypogammaglobulinaemia in infants as maternal IgG
declines
IVIgG every 2-4 weeks for immunodeficiency to maintain
protective levels
Tetanus antitoxin

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What is hypogammaglobulinaemia

A

When maternal IgG is degraded

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14
Q

What is a characteristic of active immunity?

A

Memory

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15
Q

What is the most dominant Ig class in our circulation?

A

IgG

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16
Q

Compare secondary vs primary active immunity

A

faster, greater in magnitude, may be qualitatively better (higher affinity Ab)

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17
Q

Who can immunisation protect?

A

The individual and the population - the disease declines if the majority of the population is immune

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18
Q

How many people died from Measles in 2022?

A

136,000 people

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19
Q

What are some of the serious complications that can be caused by measles?

A

ear infection, pneumonia (esp in young children), sub-accute scloriding panencephalitis (SSPE) (rare but fatal complication involving the CNS)

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20
Q

When was the first vaccine introduced for measles?

A

1963

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21
Q

When was MMR introduced?

A

1988

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22
Q

What percentage of the population had to be immunised to prevent outbreaks?

A

83-94%

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23
Q

What impacted the uptake of vaccination of MMR?

A

A paper in 1998 linking MMR to autism

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24
Q

What are the requirements of an effective vaccine?

A

Safe
High level of protection
Long-lasting protection
Right type of response (local or systemic; antibody or cell-mediated immunity)
Low cost
Stable
Easy to administer
Minimal side-effects

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25
Q

What do vaccines contain?

A

Induce protective response to pathogen without causing disease

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26
Q

List the different types of vaccines

A

Inactivated, attenuated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate

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27
Q

What do inactivated vaccines contain?

A

dead organisms

28
Q

Give an example of an inactivated vaccine

A

Salk polio vaccine

29
Q

What are the points that need to be taken in consideration when making an inactivated organism

A

Important antigens must survive killing
May have side-effects

30
Q

What do attenuated vaccines contain?

A

live but virulence disabled - contains live vaccine but is altered?

31
Q

Give examples of live/attenuated vaccines

A

Vaccinia (smallpox), sabin (polio - drop on tongue w sugar), MMR or BCG

32
Q

What are the pros of live vaccines?

A

Single dose effective
May be given by natural route
May induce local and systemic immunity
May induce right type of response

33
Q

What are the cons of live vaccines?

A

Reversion to virulence
Possibility of contamination
Susceptible to inactivation
Causes disease in immunocompromised host

34
Q

What is polio caused by?

A

enterovirus

35
Q

What is the route through which polio is spread?

A

faeco-oral route

36
Q

What is the main age group that contract polio

A

children under 5

37
Q

What is the rate of patients that end up with paralysis

A

1/200 (0.05%)

38
Q

What is polio a member of?

A

picornaviridae

39
Q

What sort of RNA does polio have?

A

positive sense RNA

40
Q

What happens to the RNA in polio?

A

translated into a large polypeptide which is cleaved post-translation

41
Q

How many strains of polio are there?

A

3

42
Q

Where is polio more common

A

Regions like Afghanistan and Pakistan

43
Q

What do subunit vaccines contain?

A

Isolated antigens

44
Q

Give examples of diseases that use subunit vaccines

A

Hep B, pneumococcal polysaccharide

45
Q

What is tetanus toixoid

A

inactivated form of a protein exotoxin secreted by the bacteria

46
Q

What do conjugate vaccines contain?

A

Capsular polysaccharide conjugated to a protein

47
Q

Give examples of diseases that have conjugate vaccines

A

Hib, MenC, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (prevnar 13),

48
Q

How do conjugate vaccines alter the immune response?

A

TI-2 polysachharide antigen to a thymus dependent TD

49
Q

What is reverse vaccinology

A

Screening of the whole genome to identify proteins that could be used as vaccines

50
Q

Give an example of a disease that uses reverse vaccinology

A

Neisseria meningitidis group B

51
Q

How many novel surface proteins were identified in Neisseria meningitidis group B

A

91

52
Q

How many induced bacterial Ab in Neisseria meningitidis group B

A

28

53
Q

How many components in the Neisseria meningitidis group B vaccine

A

4

54
Q

What are some additional conditions that should be considered when developing a vaccine

A

Inducing the right type of immunity as the wrong type of immune response can do more harm than good

55
Q

Give an example for vaccines causing more harm than good due to the wrong immune response type

A

1960 vaccine for resp. syncitial virus - vaccinated children suffered more serious infections with RSV

56
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

A substance administered with an antigen to promote the immune response

57
Q

Why do we no longer use oil adjuvants anymore in humans?

A

very stimulatory and can lead to necrotic regions

58
Q

Why do we use adjuvants?

A

Pure antigens often elicit only weak immune responses

59
Q

How do adjuvants enhance immune responses?

A

Providing a depot and by providing immunostimulatory properties

60
Q

What are the ways adjuvants can act in?

A

Activate dendritic cells via TLRs or NLRs
Cause release of endogenous danger signals
Promote antigen uptake by dendritic cells
Stimulate release of chemokines/cytokines
Promote ‘cross-presentation’ of exogenous antigens by class I

61
Q

What type of adjuvants are used in animals?

A

Freunds adjuvant: oil in water emulsion
Freunds complete adjuvant: also contains mycobacteria

62
Q

What type of adjuvants are used in humans?

A

alum most commonly used
aluminium hydroxide or aluminium phosphate
Licensed in 1920s
Better for Ab responses than cell mediated immunity

63
Q

What are the more recent clinical uses of newer adjuvants?

A

MF95 (novaritis_
ASO3 (GSK)
ASO4 (GSK)
MenB
Men ACWY
Influenza
Shingles
RSV

64
Q

What vaccine has had the fastest rate of vaccine development globally

A

SARS-CoV-19

65
Q

How many vaccines were ready at the clinical trial stage?

A

183

66
Q
A

CMB2004 (12 decks)

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