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CMB2004 > L07 > Flashcards

L07 Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunological tolerance

A

Mechanisms in place to ensure B and T cells do not respond to self

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2
Q

Regulation

A

Review of mechanisms of cellular interplay that ensures ?

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3
Q

Why do we need immunological tolerance?

A

random generation of repertoire of BCR and TCR and many self reactive specificities will be produced

  • if no tolerance = autopathology
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4
Q

Give examples of a self Ag not expressed in thymus

A

Insulin, antibodies,

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5
Q

What is AIRE?

A

An autoimmune regulator protein that acts as a transcription factor

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6
Q

What does AIRE do?

A

Allows the expression of many tissue-specific-Ag (TSA) in the thymus

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7
Q

What do patients with AIRE deficiency/mutations end up with?

A

Major autoimmune syndrome

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8
Q

What makes T cells anergic?

A

When they come across APC without costimmulatory molecules, therefore no signal 2

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9
Q

What are other mechanisms of tolerance?

A

Immunological ignorance - Ag presented to T cells must be at a significant levels
Privileged sites - sites where immune cells do not go to (eyes, testis, CNS - there are barriers in place)

B cells are dependent on T cells for a response - which allows autoimmune B cells to exit BM

Treg.

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10
Q

What do Treg express?

A

FoxP3

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11
Q

What is FoxP3?

A

A transcription factor

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12
Q

What makes Treg a key player in regulating autoimmune B cells?

A

Expression of FoxP3 -> high affinity

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13
Q

What are types of Treg

A

natural Treg (nTreg), or induced Treg (iTreg)

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14
Q

What occurs when Treg is deficient?

A

Autoimmune syndrome

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15
Q

What cytokines are produced by Treg that inhibit other self-reactive T cells?

A

IL-10 and TGF-beta

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16
Q

What antigen is Treg specific for?

A

self antigen

17
Q

Where are iTreg made?

A

Periphery

18
Q

What is the regulatory B cell called?

A

Breg/10

19
Q

What cytokine is produced by Breg?

A

IL-10

20
Q

Why do we need regulation?

A

Ensure responses continue only for as long as they are needed
Reduce collateral tissue
Ensure ensure responses are qualitatively appropriate (right for the specific antigen)

21
Q

What do T cell sub-sets have in relation to cytokine?

A

Cytokine secretion profile

22
Q

What is the function of TH1 and what cytokine does it require?

A

Activate Mq, NK cells, CD8. IFN- gamma and IL-12

23
Q

What is the function of TH2 and what cytokine does it require?

A

Promotes responses mediated by eosinophils, mast cells and plasma cells, Ab responses (IgE) IL-4.

24
Q

What is the function of TH17 and what cytokine does it require?

A

Responses against fungi, IL-23, TGF-β, IL-6 and IL-1β

25
Q

What is the function of Treg/Breg and what cytokine does it require?

A

Supress unwanted response - IL-10.

26
Q

What is the function of TFH and what cytokine does it require?

A

Specialised Th found in GC to help B cells

27
Q

How does TH1 activate Mq

A

secreting cytokines; IFN-gamma, GMCSF, TNF-alpha. By expressing CD40L which binds to CD40

28
Q

What is the function of TFH and what cytokine does it require?

A

Secrete IL-17. Recruits neutrophils.

29
Q

What is the other protein expressed by Treg?

A

CD25

30
Q

What cytokines are secreted by Treg?

A

TGF-beta, IL-10

31
Q

What does IL-10 do?

A

Inhibits APC function

32
Q

Describe the polarisation of TH1 cytokines

A

promote commitment to TH1
inhibit development of TH2, TH17

33
Q

Describe the polarisation of TH2 cytokines

A

promote commitment to TH2
inhibit development of TH1, TH17

34
Q

Describe the polarisation of TH17 cytokines

A

promote commitment to TH17 cytokines
inhibit development of Treg

35
Q

Describe the polarisation of Treg cytokines

A

inhibits Th1, Th2, Th17 responses

36
Q

Explain the role of Treg in successful pregnancies

A

If there were no Treg’s the mother’s body would reject the baby, as its 50% father

37
Q

What is the role of TGF-Beta

A

inhibition

38
Q
A

CMB2004 (12 decks)

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