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CMB2004 > L08 > Flashcards

L08 Flashcards

1
Q

What are things that determine the type of effector mechanism needed for an immune response

A

Type of pathogen, localisation, challenge, stage of infection.

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2
Q

What are the locations of infections?

A

Extracellular or intracellular

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3
Q

What are the types of extracellular sites of infection?

A

Interstitial spaces, blood, lymph and epithelial surfaces

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4
Q

What are the types of intracellular sites of infection?

A

Cytoplasmic or vesicular

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5
Q

What are the components of protective immunity for interstitial spaces?

A

Ab, complement, phagocytosis and neutralisation

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6
Q

What are the components of protective immunity for epithelial spaces?

A

Ab (IgA) antimicrobial peptides

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7
Q

What are the components of protective immunity for cytoplasmic spaces?

A

cytotoxic t cells and NK cells

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8
Q

What are the components of protective immunity for vesicularspaces?

A

T cell and NK dependent Mq activation

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9
Q

What are the features of innate defence mechanism?

A

Rapid
Barriers, complement, phagocytes, NK cells, antimicrobial peptides.
First line of defense
Nin-specific
Ineffective against many pathogens

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10
Q

What are components of the anatomical barriers

A

Skin, oral mucosa, respiratory epithlilium, intestine

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11
Q

What are components of the anatomical barriers

A

C3, defensins, RegIIIgamma

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12
Q

What are components of the innate immune cells

A

Mq, granulocytes, natural killer cells

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13
Q

What are components of adaptive immunity

A

B cells/antibodies, T cells

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14
Q

What are the type of bacteria?

A

Gram +ve (Staphylococcus aurues, Streptococcus spp.) and Gram -ve (Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Haemophilus, Neisseria)

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15
Q

What makes gram -ve bacteria?

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer

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16
Q

What makes gram +ve bacteria?

A

thick peptidoglycan layer

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17
Q

Can components of the bacterial cell wall induce an innate response?

A

Yes

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18
Q

How can components of the bacterial cell wall induce innate responses

A

Bind to Toll-like receptors on MQ or NOD-like receptors in cytoplasm

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19
Q

How many TLR genes do humans have

A

10

20
Q

What is a PAMP

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

21
Q

what is a prr?

A

pathogen recognition receptor

22
Q

What does the binding of PAMP and PRR result in?

A

Inflammation, dendritic cell maturation, influence differentiation of T cells, activates B cells (T1)

23
Q

Why is phagocytosis effective against bacteria

A

bacteria can have protective capsules, Ab and complement can opsonise it

24
Q

What does streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

A

Pnemonia, middle ear infection, meningitis

25
Q

What Ab are produced by streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Ab against capsular polysaccharides

26
Q

What does the vaccine against streptococcus pneumoniae contain?

A

23 polysaccharide stereotypes

27
Q

What type of vaccine is used against streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Conjugate vaccine

28
Q

What is the role of Ab in bacterial infection

A

Opsonisation, complement activation, bind to and neutralise toxins, bind to surface structures to prevent mucosal adherence.

29
Q

What does complement activation look like in bacterial infections?Ys

A

Promote inflammation via C3a and C5a

Opsonise by binding C3b receptors on phagocytes

Lysis of Gram negative organisms (MAC C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9)

30
Q

Can gram negative be killed by complement lysis?

A

Yes

31
Q

What type of gram -ve bacteria is resistant to complement?

A

Neisseria spp.

32
Q

Can some bacteria survive within phagocytosis?

A

Yes

33
Q

How does mycobacterium tuberculosis evade phagocytosis

A

Inhibits phagosome fusion

34
Q

Why is the Th1 response important

A

Cytokines activate Mq

35
Q

Give examples of two cytokines that activate Mq

A

TNF alpha, IFN gamma

36
Q

Why are activated Mq better than non-activated Mq in terms of responding to infection

A

Better at phagocytosis and killing
More efficient APC
Stimulate inflammation

37
Q

What are the different types of cytokines are involved in granulomatous leprosy

A

TH1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN -gamme) and monokines (TNF-alpha, IL1beta, TGF beta)

38
Q

What are the different types of cytokines are involved in lepromatous leprosy

A

TH2 cytokines (IL-4 IL-5, IL-10)

39
Q

What type of pathogens are Ab useful against?

A

Extracellular

40
Q

What type of pathogens are T cell effector mechanisms useful against?

A

Intracellular

41
Q

Name an example of a pathogen that can result in the formation of granulomas

A

Mycobacterium leprae

42
Q

What is LPS and on what type of bacteria?

A

Lipoplysaccharide & gram negative

43
Q

What kind of infections can Neisseria spp cause?

A

Meningitis and gonnorhea

44
Q

Name an infection which results in the production of a potent toxin

A

E.coli

45
Q
A
46
Q

Why can the same infectious agent cause different distinct pathologies?

A

challenge level, host immune system, age, co-
morbidities

CMB2004 (12 decks)

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