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CMB2004 > L08 > Flashcards

L08 Flashcards

1
Q

What are things that determine the type of effector mechanism needed for an immune response

A

Type of pathogen, localisation, challenge, stage of infection.

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2
Q

What are the locations of infections?

A

Extracellular or intracellular

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3
Q

What are the types of extracellular sites of infection?

A

Interstitial spaces, blood, lymph and epithelial surfaces

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4
Q

What are the types of intracellular sites of infection?

A

Cytoplasmic or vesicular

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5
Q

What are the components of protective immunity for interstitial spaces?

A

Ab, complement, phagocytosis and neutralisation

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6
Q

What are the components of protective immunity for epithelial spaces?

A

Ab (IgA) antimicrobial peptides

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7
Q

What are the components of protective immunity for cytoplasmic spaces?

A

cytotoxic t cells and NK cells

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8
Q

What are the components of protective immunity for vesicularspaces?

A

T cell and NK dependent Mq activation

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9
Q

What are the features of innate defence mechanism?

A

Rapid
Barriers, complement, phagocytes, NK cells, antimicrobial peptides.
First line of defense
Nin-specific
Ineffective against many pathogens

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10
Q

What are components of the anatomical barriers

A

Skin, oral mucosa, respiratory epithlilium, intestine

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11
Q

What are components of the anatomical barriers

A

C3, defensins, RegIIIgamma

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12
Q

What are components of the innate immune cells

A

Mq, granulocytes, natural killer cells

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13
Q

What are components of adaptive immunity

A

B cells/antibodies, T cells

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14
Q

What are the type of bacteria?

A

Gram +ve (Staphylococcus aurues, Streptococcus spp.) and Gram -ve (Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Haemophilus, Neisseria)

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15
Q

What makes gram -ve bacteria?

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer

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16
Q

What makes gram +ve bacteria?

A

thick peptidoglycan layer

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17
Q

Can components of the bacterial cell wall induce an innate response?

A

Yes

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18
Q

How can components of the bacterial cell wall induce innate responses

A

Bind to Toll-like receptors on MQ or NOD-like receptors in cytoplasm

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19
Q

How many TLR genes do humans have

20
Q

What is a PAMP

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

21
Q

what is a prr?

A

pathogen recognition receptor

22
Q

What does the binding of PAMP and PRR result in?

A

Inflammation, dendritic cell maturation, influence differentiation of T cells, activates B cells (T1)

23
Q

Why is phagocytosis effective against bacteria

A

bacteria can have protective capsules, Ab and complement can opsonise it

24
Q

What does streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

A

Pnemonia, middle ear infection, meningitis

25
What Ab are produced by streptococcus pneumoniae?
Ab against capsular polysaccharides
26
What does the vaccine against streptococcus pneumoniae contain?
23 polysaccharide stereotypes
27
What type of vaccine is used against streptococcus pneumoniae?
Conjugate vaccine
28
What is the role of Ab in bacterial infection
Opsonisation, complement activation, bind to and neutralise toxins, bind to surface structures to prevent mucosal adherence.
29
What does complement activation look like in bacterial infections?Ys
Promote inflammation via C3a and C5a Opsonise by binding C3b receptors on phagocytes Lysis of Gram negative organisms (MAC C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9)
30
Can gram negative be killed by complement lysis?
Yes
31
What type of gram -ve bacteria is resistant to complement?
Neisseria spp.
32
Can some bacteria survive within phagocytosis?
Yes
33
How does mycobacterium tuberculosis evade phagocytosis
Inhibits phagosome fusion
34
Why is the Th1 response important
Cytokines activate Mq
35
Give examples of two cytokines that activate Mq
TNF alpha, IFN gamma
36
Why are activated Mq better than non-activated Mq in terms of responding to infection
Better at phagocytosis and killing More efficient APC Stimulate inflammation
37
What are the different types of cytokines are involved in granulomatous leprosy
TH1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN -gamme) and monokines (TNF-alpha, IL1beta, TGF beta)
38
What are the different types of cytokines are involved in lepromatous leprosy
TH2 cytokines (IL-4 IL-5, IL-10)
39
What type of pathogens are Ab useful against?
Extracellular
40
What type of pathogens are T cell effector mechanisms useful against?
Intracellular
41
Name an example of a pathogen that can result in the formation of granulomas
Mycobacterium leprae
42
What is LPS and on what type of bacteria?
Lipoplysaccharide & gram negative
43
What kind of infections can Neisseria spp cause?
Meningitis and gonnorhea
44
Name an infection which results in the production of a potent toxin
E.coli
45
46
Why can the same infectious agent cause different distinct pathologies?
challenge level, host immune system, age, co- morbidities

CMB2004 (12 decks)

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