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CMB2004 > L01 > Flashcards

L01 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a pathogen

A

an organism that causes disease e.g.

bacteria
viruses
fungi
parasites
worms
protozoa

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2
Q

what are the features of specific immunity

A

is induced by exposure to a particular infection

shows a high degree of specificity

exhibits “memory”

mediated by lymphocytes (B/T cells)

clonally distributed receptors

large repertoire: low frequency of cells specific for any antigen

response takes time to develop
memory cells produced
(work better and faster next time)

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3
Q

what is clonal selection theory

A

removal of potentially self reactive immature lymphocytes (Self antigen receptor cells are destroyed to avoid auto immune reactions)

creating a pool of mature naive lymphocytes that react to foreign antigens

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4
Q

which receptor is always membrane bound

A

TCR

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5
Q

what is BCR called when released after B cell activation

A

antibody

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6
Q

what does TCR do

A

recognizes peptide fragment
of antigen bound to MHC
expressed by APC

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7
Q

what do TCR only recognize

A

peptides

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8
Q

what is the variable region of an antibody

A

form 2 identical antigen binding sites from heavy and light chains

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9
Q

what is the constant regions of an antibody

A

regions responsible for the structure of the antibody and interacting with other molecules (FcR, Compliment system) and cells of innate system
—-> antibody effector functions

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10
Q

what type of bonds hold the light and heavy chains

A

covalent and non-covalent

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11
Q

what are the types of light chains

A

λ & κ

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12
Q

how many types of light chains is present in 1 antibody

A

1

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13
Q

Each chain in an antibody has a variable and a constant region

A

true

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14
Q

what does the antigen binding site consist of

A

VH and VL

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15
Q

what are the classes of antibodies (isotypes)

A

IgM, D, A, G and E

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16
Q

what determines the isotypes of antibodies

A

heavy chain (C region)

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17
Q

how many domains does the L chain have

A

2

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18
Q

how many domains does the H chain have

A

4 or 5

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19
Q

how long is each domain

A

110 amino acids

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20
Q

what does each domain comprise

A

two b sheets

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21
Q

what are the antibody domains linked by

A

disulphide bridge (S-S, C)

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22
Q

domains are paired –> folded units within the protein

A

True

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23
Q

how many hypervariable regions (CDRs) are there in in the VH and VL

A

3 in each

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24
Q

how many antigen binding sites does 1 antibody have

A

2

25
Q

how many hypervariable loops are there in each Ag binding site

A

6

26
Q

how many hypervariable loops are there in an antibody

A

12

27
Q

what are the types of antibody/antigen interactions

A

linear (continuous) epitope

non-linear (structural/3D/
discontinuous) epitope

28
Q

what type of molecules can antigens be

A

All protein, polysaccharide even nucleic acids), along with non-biological molecules e.g. chemicals, metals

29
Q

what type of interactions do Ag and antibodies form

A

non-covalent interactions

30
Q

CDRs present in antibody V regions determine the specificity and the affinity of an antibody for Ag

A

true

31
Q

which parts of the antibody interact with the epitope

A

hypervariable regions (CDRs)

32
Q

what is the epitope

A

the part of the antigen that is recognized by the antibody

33
Q

TCR binds free antigen

A

false

34
Q

antigen is presented to TCR in the cleft/binding “groove” of MHC class I or class II molecules

A

true

35
Q

how many Ig-like domains does TCR have

A

4

36
Q

TCR recognizes short peptide fragments (of Ags) bound to MHC molecules on other cells

A

True

37
Q

TCRs are heterodimers. what chains do they have

A

α and β chain (sometimes γ and δ)

38
Q

what are the regions of each chain of TCR

A

a V and a C region

39
Q

which domain of TCR interact with the antigen (peptide bound to MHC molecule)

A

V domain

40
Q

how many CDRs does each chain of TCR contribute to Ag binding

A

3

41
Q

what chromosome contains the MHC gene (HLA in humans)

A

6

42
Q

how many classes of MHC molecules are there

A

2

43
Q

where is MHC class 1 expressed

A

all nucleated cells

44
Q

MHC class 1 molecule is a heterodimer: a chain (43 kD). b2- microglobulin (12 kD)

A

True

45
Q

what are the different MHC class 1 molecules in humans

A

HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C

46
Q

HLA-A, B and C molecules are encoded by separate a chain genes. A single (non-MHC located) gene encodes b2-microglobulin which associates with HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C

A

True

47
Q

a1 and a2 domains fold to form b-sheet structure known as peptide binding site (“groove, cleft”) in MHC 1 molecule

A

True

48
Q

which domains of MHC 1 are very polymorphic

A

alpha 1 and alpha 2

49
Q

a3 domain/b2-microglobulin fold into “Ig-like” domains in MHC 1

A

True

50
Q

MHC 1 has 2 transmembrane domains

A

false

51
Q

what are the features of MHC class 2 molecules

A

expression limited to APC (and cytokine-activated cells)

heterodimers, a and b chains
similar size (34 and 29 kD) and both transmembrane

In humans three different MHC class II molecules: HLA-DP,
HLA-DQ and HLA-DR

a and b chains encoded by separate genes encoded within MHC
both a2 and b2 domains
are Ig-like

52
Q

what are the different MHC 2 molecules in humans

A

HLA-DP,
HLA-DQ
and HLA-DR

53
Q

how many transmembrane domains does MHC 2 have

A

2

54
Q

MHC 2 groove is more open than “groove” seen in MHC class I molecules, and binds longer peptides

A

True

55
Q

what molecule does CD8 bind

A

MHC class 1

56
Q

what domain does CD8 bind

A

MHC class I a1/a2domains stabilizing
TCR/MHC interaction

57
Q

what molecule does CD4 bind

A

MHC class 2

58
Q

what domains does CD4 bind

A

binds MHC class II a2/b2 domains stabilizing
TCR/MHC interaction

CMB2004 (12 decks)

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