L1 Mendelian Genetics/introductions to newer topics

Question 1

locus

Answer 1

a region of interest along a DNA sequence or chromosome (physical location? bc genes are loosely the same thing)

Question 2

allele

Answer 2

different variants of a gene at the same locus

Question 3

genotype

Answer 3

the combination of alleles an organism has

Question 4

homozygous

Answer 4

two alleles of SAME variant

Question 5

phenotype

Answer 5

the observable characteristics of an organism, what is produced by the genotype

Question 6

heterozygous

Answer 6

two alleles that are DIFFERENT

Question 7

gene

Answer 7

a region of DNA that contains a sequence that is transcribed,
and regulatory regions that facilitate its transcription

Question 8

chromosome/haploid&diploid

Answer 8

unit of DNA that has an array of genes, divides during
mitosis/meiosis

-haploid: one copy of each chromosome a cell
-diploid: two copies of each chromosome

Question 9

genomes

Answer 9

all the chromosomes in an organism

Question 10

central dogma + gene expression produces what?

Answer 10

DNA->RNA->Protein
Gene expression is producing the end product of a
gene

Question 11

what usually determines phenotype?

Answer 11

protein(s)

Question 12

transcription

Answer 12

1) interactions of cis and trans regulator with transcriptional machinery and 2) chromatin state will determine if/when/where genes are transcribed

Question 13

post transcription

Answer 13

alternative splicing, mRNA stability, RNA interference

Question 14

translation

Answer 14

differential rates of translation initiation, elongation

Question 15

post-translation

Answer 15

folding, chemical modifications of amino acids, protein sorting, protein degradation

Question 16

why were pea plants good model organisms?

Answer 16

easy to grow
easy to breed/cross
easily observed traits
self fertilize and cross fertilization

Question 17

why are humans not good study subjects

Answer 17

environmental differences
slow reproduction
small numbers of progeny (offspring)
can’t force mating

Question 18

what was special about mendel’s pea plants?

Answer 18

all either/or phenotypes, no intermediates
all due to changes in a single gene
all traits inherited independently from each other
all show simple dominance

Question 19

monohybrid

Answer 19

cross between individuals that differ in one locus of interest

Question 20

true breeding

Answer 20

all crosses between these types of individuals produce the same phenotype

Question 21

dominant/recessive

Answer 21

in a hybrid, the genotype that is observed is dominant, the one that is “masked” is recessive

Question 22

principle of segregation

Answer 22

in a heterozygote, two different alleles segregate from each other during the formation of alleles

Question 23

how to figure out if a dominant phenotype is homo or heterozygous?

Answer 23

test cross with a recessive type and see what happens (if homozygous dominant, all progeny will be heterozygous; if heterozygous, half of the progeny will be recessive)