L1: Living cell features and Microscopy

Question 1

3 Common features of all cells

Answer 1

1. Boundary
2. Self replicating
3. Metabolism

Question 2

The Central Dogma

Answer 2

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein

Question 3

3 Prokaryote Characteristics

Answer 3

1. Double boundary (double plasma membrane or membrane and cell wall)
2. Circular DNA genome
3. No internal compartments

Question 4

3 Eukaryote characteristics

Answer 4

1. Single or double boundary
2. Linear DNA genome
3. Organelles

Question 5

Nucleus

Answer 5

Where DNA is stored and where most RNA transcription occurs

Question 6

Mitochondria

Answer 6

Oxidize food to generate ATP

Question 7

Chloroplasts

Answer 7

Conduct photosynthesis. Production of sugars produces oxygen.

Question 8

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 8

Factory for membrane components and proteins that leave the cell.

Rough: coated by ribosomes for protein synthesis
Smooth: lipid synthesis

Question 9

Golgi apparatus

Answer 9

Process and sorts proteins and lipids produced in the ER destined for export

Question 10

Lysosomes

Answer 10

Digest and recycle macromolecules and organelles

Question 11

Peroxisomes

Answer 11

Neutralize hazardous materials

Question 12

Vesicles

Answer 12

Transport of materials between organelles

Question 13

Cytosol vs cytoplasm

Answer 13

Cytosol: cytoplasms without organelles

Cytoplasm: everything outside nucleus

Question 14

Cytoskeleton

Answer 14

Maintains cell structures. Allows movements via acting ilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

Question 15

Plant cell extra organelles:

Answer 15

1. Chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis)
2. Vacuole (like rigid lysosomes)
3. Cell wall

Question 16

Light microscopy

Answer 16

Cells stained with dyes, reveals components. Can view living cells.

Question 17

Fluorescence

Answer 17

Fluorescent dyes/proteins can label membranes.

Question 18

Confocal fluorescence microscopy

Answer 18

Optical slices in intact tissues. Focussed fluorescence

Question 19

Multi-channel fluorescence microscopy

Answer 19

Dyes and antibodies used to label. Different molecules can be labelled with diff colors

Question 20

Scanning electron microscopy

Answer 20

Uses electrons instead of light

Coats samples with gold, images the surface

Question 21

Transmission electron microscopy

Answer 21

Uses electrons
Thin slices of sample
High resolution to look inside cells

Question 22

Serial Endosymbiont Theory

Answer 22

Mitochondria resemble bacteria: contain own DNA, reproduce through division.

Endosymbiosis.

Question 23

Organelles that are endosymbiosis of bacteria:

Answer 23

1. Mitochondria
2. Chloroplasts

Question 24

3 Domains of Life

Answer 24

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukaryotes