L1: Intro to cells Flashcards
3 principles of cell theory
Cells are the fundamental units of life
All organisms are composed of cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells
how are cells considered self replicating catalysts
DNA makes RNA makes protein
the proteins then catalyse DNA and RNA and protein synthesis
so it is a cycle
What did Hooke discover in 1665
first discovery of cells (saw small chambers with microscope)
3 basic components of prokaryotes
no nucleus
no internal membrane
basic cytoskeleton
3 basic components of eukaryotes
nucleated
complex minternal membrane
extensive cytoskeleton
what are the 2 domains of prokaryotes
bacteria
and
archaea (live in hostile environments)
what occurs in nucleolus
rRNA is made here
and ribosomes are assembled
what are the 3 double membraned organelles
Nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast
what is purpose of the ‘physical barrier’ between organelles and cytosol
allows diff protein contents
and diff chemical environments to be maintained
and each organelle can have specialised function
what is mitochondria the site of
oxidative phosphorylation
function and structure of endoplasmic reticulum
makes secretory and membrane proteins, and lipids (anything that is exported will be made by this)
is continuous with nuclear envelope
3 types of ER
Rough ER - has ribosomes on its membrane
Smooth ER
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
function of smooth ER
lipid metabolism
in liver it allows detoxification of lipid soluble compounds
function of sarcoplasmic reticulum
acts as a calcium store
important in muscle cells
function of golgi apparatus
recieves proteins and lipids from ER
modifies this (e.g. via glyocosylation)
sorts it to the correct location
what is the largest single compartment in the cell
cytosol
general cellular processes that occurs in cytosol
protein synthesis and degradation
(only if theyre not membrane proteins)
intermediary metabolism (e.g. glycolysis)
also it’s the location of cytoskeleton
example of prokaryotic model organism
e.coli
examples of lower eukaryotic model organism
S. cerevisiae (budding yeast)
S. pombe (fission yeast)
examples of higher eukaryotic model organism
cultured vertebrate cells
e.g. HeLa cells
:/
model organism good for seeing vertebrate development
zebrafish
danio
model organism good for genetics, development bzz bzz
drosophila
model organism good for seeing genome sequencing
caenorhabitis
(nematode worm)
model organism good for seeing plant molec bio and development
arabidopis
grass lookin thing
what are 4 post translational modifications of aminoacids
N- glyocsylation
O- glycosylation
Phosphorylation
Disuplhide Bonds
what is the bond that generates energy in ATP when cleaved
phosphoanhydride bond
what does fast hydrolysis of ATP drive
movement in motor proteins
each step uses ATP -> ADP +Pi
what does slow hydrolysis of ATP and GTP allow
switch activity
when bound = active
when hydrolysed = inactive
by contorlling the rate of this hydrolysis = can determine how long the switch is on
how do ATP and GTP allow phosphorylation
via phosphate transfer
no net loss of energy
what 3 amino acids allows control of protein function via addition of phosphate group from ATP
serine
threonine
tyrosine
