L1: Intro to cells

Question 1

3 principles of cell theory

Answer 1

Cells are the fundamental units of life
All organisms are composed of cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 2

how are cells considered self replicating catalysts

Answer 2

DNA makes RNA makes protein
the proteins then catalyse DNA and RNA and protein synthesis
so it is a cycle

Question 3

What did Hooke discover in 1665

Answer 3

first discovery of cells (saw small chambers with microscope)

Question 4

3 basic components of prokaryotes

Answer 4

no nucleus
no internal membrane
basic cytoskeleton

Question 5

3 basic components of eukaryotes

Answer 5

nucleated
complex minternal membrane
extensive cytoskeleton

Question 6

what are the 2 domains of prokaryotes

Answer 6

bacteria
and
archaea (live in hostile environments)

Question 7

what occurs in nucleolus

Answer 7

rRNA is made here
and ribosomes are assembled

Question 8

what are the 3 double membraned organelles

Answer 8

Nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast

Question 9

what is purpose of the ‘physical barrier’ between organelles and cytosol

Answer 9

allows diff protein contents
and diff chemical environments to be maintained

and each organelle can have specialised function

Question 10

what is mitochondria the site of

Answer 10

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 11

function and structure of endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

makes secretory and membrane proteins, and lipids (anything that is exported will be made by this)

is continuous with nuclear envelope

Question 12

3 types of ER

Answer 12

Rough ER - has ribosomes on its membrane

Smooth ER

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

function of smooth ER

Answer 13

lipid metabolism
in liver it allows detoxification of lipid soluble compounds

Question 14

function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

acts as a calcium store
important in muscle cells

Question 15

function of golgi apparatus

Answer 15

recieves proteins and lipids from ER

modifies this (e.g. via glyocosylation)

sorts it to the correct location

Question 16

what is the largest single compartment in the cell

Answer 16

cytosol

Question 17

general cellular processes that occurs in cytosol

Answer 17

protein synthesis and degradation
(only if theyre not membrane proteins)

intermediary metabolism (e.g. glycolysis)

also it’s the location of cytoskeleton

Question 18

example of prokaryotic model organism

Answer 18

e.coli

Question 19

examples of lower eukaryotic model organism

Answer 19

S. cerevisiae (budding yeast)
S. pombe (fission yeast)

Question 20

examples of higher eukaryotic model organism

Answer 20

cultured vertebrate cells
e.g. HeLa cells
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Question 21

model organism good for seeing vertebrate development

Answer 21

zebrafish
danio

Question 22

model organism good for genetics, development bzz bzz

Answer 22

drosophila

Question 23

model organism good for seeing genome sequencing

Answer 23

caenorhabitis
(nematode worm)

Question 24

model organism good for seeing plant molec bio and development

Answer 24

arabidopis
grass lookin thing

Question 25

what are 4 post translational modifications of aminoacids

Answer 25

N- glyocsylation

O- glycosylation

Phosphorylation

Disuplhide Bonds

Question 26

what is the bond that generates energy in ATP when cleaved

Answer 26

phosphoanhydride bond

Question 27

what does fast hydrolysis of ATP drive

Answer 27

movement in motor proteins
each step uses ATP -> ADP +Pi

Question 28

what does slow hydrolysis of ATP and GTP allow

Answer 28

switch activity
when bound = active
when hydrolysed = inactive

by contorlling the rate of this hydrolysis = can determine how long the switch is on

Question 29

how do ATP and GTP allow phosphorylation

Answer 29

via phosphate transfer
no net loss of energy

Question 30

what 3 amino acids allows control of protein function via addition of phosphate group from ATP

Answer 30

serine
threonine
tyrosine