L1 - Infection Control Flashcards
Communicable pathogenic organisms
- bacteria
- viral organisms
- mycobacterial organisms
bacteria encompases
- upper respiratory tract flora
- maxillo-facial skin flora
- non-maxillofacial flora
what consists of normal oral flora in upper respiratory tract
aerobic, gram + cocci, actinomycetes, anaerobic bacteria, and candidal species
total # of organisms is usually held in check by
- rapid epithelial turnover with dequamation
- host immunological factors
- dilution by salivary flow
- competition between oral organisms for available nutrients and attachment sites
nose and paranasal sinuses consist mainly of
gram + aerobic streptococci and anaeorbes
normal flora is limied by
presence of ciliated respiratory epithelium, secretory immunoglobulins, and epithelial desquamation
children may harbor____
adults have ___
children may harbor Haemophilus influenzae
adults have staphylococcus aureus
maxillofacial skin flora (predominant species)
staph epidermis and cornyebackterium diphtheriae are the predominate species
responsible for most infectious hepatitis
Hepatitis viruses A,B, C and D
Hep A spread by
contact with deces of infected individuals
Hep C spread by
feces or contaminatted blood
Hep B and D spread by
contact with any human secretions
Hep B and D spread by
contact with any human secretions
inactive hepatitis virus by
halogen- containing disinfectants, formaldehyde, ethylne oxide gas, all types of propeerly performed heat sterilization, and irradiation
hepatisi resistant to
desiccation and chemical disinfectants
HIV loses its infectivty by desication?
TRUE (unlike hepatitis)
universal precautions
- general over-view
- why developed
- developed to address the inability of health care providers to specifically identify all patients with communicable diseases
- based on protection of self, staff, and patient from contamination by using barrier techniques when treating all patients as if they all had communicable disease
universal precuations includes
all doctor and staff who come in contat with patient blood or secretions, whether directly or in aerosol form
wear barrier devices : face mask, eye protetion, and gloves
also includes decontaminating or disposiong of all surfaces that are exposed to patient blood, tissue, or secretions
avoid contaimination objects / surfaces with contaminated gloves or instruments
transmission of mycobacterial
priamrily thtough exhaled aersols that carry M tuberculosis bacilli from the infected lungs of an individual
asepsis
refers to the avoidance of sepsis
medical asepsis
the attempt to keep patients, health care staff, and objects as free as possible of agents that cause infection
surgical asepsis
the attempt to prevent microbes from gaining access to traumatic surgically created wounds
antiseptic and disinfectant
prevent the multiplication of organisms capable of causing an infections
antiseptics are applied to living tissues and disinfectants are designed for use on inanimate obects
sterility
freedom from viable forms of micro-organisms
sanitization
reduction of the number of viable microorgansims to levels judged safe by public health standards
decontamination
similar to sanitization
physical methods of reducing the number of viable organisms
- heat
- mechanical dislodgement
- radiation
chemical methods of reducing the number of viable organisms
- antiseptics
- disinfectants
- ethylene oxide gas
what is most resistant to elimnation
bacterial ENDOSPORES
techniques of instrument sterilization
with heat
- dry heat
- moist heat
gaseous sterilizaton
advantage and disavantage of using dry heat
advantage
- relative ease of use and the unliklihood of damaging heat resistant instruments
disadvantage
- the time necessary and the potential damage to heat-sensative equipment
more effective moist or dry heat?
moist heat - because it is effective at much lower temperatures and requires less time
advantages and disadvnatages of moist heat
advantage
- its effectiveness, speed, and the relative availability of office propportioned auto-claving
disadvantage
- tendency of moist heat to dull and rust instruments and the cost of autoclaves
how long until you have to re-sterilize
6 months after – the possibility of organisms entering sterilization bags increases
all sterilization items should be labeled with an expiration date that is no longer than 6-12 months
duration of treatment or exposure when using dry heat at 121/ 250 f 140/285? 150/300 160/320 170/340
6-12 hours for 121/ 250
3 hours
2 1/2
2
1
steam for 60 minutes at what temp?
116 / 240 F
- notice lower heat in steam
gaseous sterilization does what?
destroys enzymes and other vital biochemical structures
gaseous sterilization uses? what temp and how long?
ethylene oxide at 50 degrees C for 3 hours
gaseous sterilization advantages and disadvantages?
advantages
- for sterilizing porous material, large equipment, and material sensitive to heat and moisture
disadvantages
- need special equipment and the length of sterilization and aeration time
aeration requirements for gaseous sterilzation? why?
because ethylene oxide is highly toxic to animal tissue - equipment exposed must be aerated for 8-12 hours at 50 degrees C to 60 degrees C or ambient temperatures for 4-7 days
chemical disinfectants
classified by the level of biocidal activity of low, medium, and high
use of quarternary compounds?
NOT recommended for use in dentistry because they are NOT effective against hepatitis B virus and become inactivated by soap and anionic agents
surgical field maintenance
the goal is to prevent any organism from the surgical staff or other patients from entering the patietns wound
breakdown of surgical staff preparation
- hand and arm preparation
- clean technique
- sterile technique
irrigation of wound
only sterile water or sterile saline should be used to irrigate open wounds
post-surgical asepsis wound management
only dress wounds with clean gloves
post surgical asepsis sharps management
sharps injuries can be prevented by using the local anesthetic needle to scoop up the sheath after use, taking care never to apply or remove a blade from a scalpel handle without an instrument, and disposing of used blades, needles, and other sharp disiposable items into rigid, well-marked receptacles for contaminated sharp obects
normal flora in upper respiratory tract is limited by what? NOT by?
NOT by salivary flow but
- presence of ciliated respiratory epithelium
- secretory immunoglobulins
- epithelial desquamation
