L1 - History of Cog. Neuro.

Question 1

Willis

Answer 1

Brain damage affects behaviour

Question 2

Franz Gall

Answer 2

~ Cognitive functions (‘innate faculties’) are localised in specific regions of the cerebral cortex
~ The more the part is used, the more it will grow creating a ‘bump’

Question 3

Phrenology

Answer 3

Aspects of personality could be inferred from the shape of one’s skull

Question 4

Flourens

Answer 4

~ experimented by damage pigeon and rabbit brains
~ cognitive functions associated with specific brain parts
e.g. motor coordination and cerebellum

Question 5

Aggregate field theory

Answer 5

the faculty of sensation, perception and volition is essentially one faculty, sub-served by the whole brain

Question 6

Marc Dax

Answer 6

1836

~ left-hemisphere lesions wink with language

Question 7

John Hughlings Jackson

Answer 7

Observed brain-damaged + epileptic patients during seizures…

1. proposed topographic organisation of cerebral cortex
2. link between right hemisphere damage & visuo-spatial
3. difficult to lose a cognitive function completely

Question 8

Penfield + Jasper

Answer 8

1954
~ responsible for removal of neurones that cause seizures in epilepsy
~ stimulated diff brain parts + observed reactions
~ led to brain mapping (somatosensory homunculi)

Question 9

Paul Broca

Answer 9

1861
~ patient Tan who could understand language but could not speak
~ left inferior frontal gyrus legion

Question 10

Carl Wernicke

Answer 10

1876
~ patient who could speak (but it didn’t make sense) and couldn’t understand language
~ legion in posterior left hemisphere region

Question 11

Korbinian Broadmann

Answer 11

~ used tissue stains to analysis cortex organisation

~ came up with 52 regions (Broadmann areas)

Question 12

When were the Braodmann cortical maps published?

Answer 12

1909

Question 13

Cytoarchitectonics

Answer 13

How cells differ across brain regions

Question 14

Camillo Golgi

Answer 14

~ discovered silver method (black reaction) for staining neurons
~ silver chromate
~ enables visualisation of single neurons

Question 15

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Answer 15

~ neurons are discrete entities which led to:

1. neuron doctrine
2. transmission of electrical info goes only in one direction (dendrites –> axon)

Question 16

Neuron doctrine

Answer 16

the nervous system is made up of individual cells

Question 17

Purkinje

Answer 17

1837

described first nerve cell in the nervous system

Question 18

von Helmoltz

Answer 18

electrical activity was the medium for carrying information NOT a by-product

Question 19

Sherrington

Answer 19

1932 - Nobel Prize
~ synapse –> junction between neurons
~ neuron behaves as a unit

Question 20

Hebb

Answer 20

1949
~ learning has a biological basis
~ nervous system is always active, stimulation only changes what is already happening