L1 - History of Cog. Neuro. Flashcards
Willis
Brain damage affects behaviour
Franz Gall
~ Cognitive functions (‘innate faculties’) are localised in specific regions of the cerebral cortex
~ The more the part is used, the more it will grow creating a ‘bump’
Phrenology
Aspects of personality could be inferred from the shape of one’s skull
Flourens
~ experimented by damage pigeon and rabbit brains
~ cognitive functions associated with specific brain parts
e.g. motor coordination and cerebellum
Aggregate field theory
the faculty of sensation, perception and volition is essentially one faculty, sub-served by the whole brain
Marc Dax
1836
~ left-hemisphere lesions wink with language
John Hughlings Jackson
Observed brain-damaged + epileptic patients during seizures…
- proposed topographic organisation of cerebral cortex
- link between right hemisphere damage & visuo-spatial
- difficult to lose a cognitive function completely
Penfield + Jasper
1954
~ responsible for removal of neurones that cause seizures in epilepsy
~ stimulated diff brain parts + observed reactions
~ led to brain mapping (somatosensory homunculi)
Paul Broca
1861
~ patient Tan who could understand language but could not speak
~ left inferior frontal gyrus legion
Carl Wernicke
1876
~ patient who could speak (but it didn’t make sense) and couldn’t understand language
~ legion in posterior left hemisphere region
Korbinian Broadmann
~ used tissue stains to analysis cortex organisation
~ came up with 52 regions (Broadmann areas)
When were the Braodmann cortical maps published?
1909
Cytoarchitectonics
How cells differ across brain regions
Camillo Golgi
~ discovered silver method (black reaction) for staining neurons
~ silver chromate
~ enables visualisation of single neurons
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
~ neurons are discrete entities which led to:
- neuron doctrine
- transmission of electrical info goes only in one direction (dendrites –> axon)
Neuron doctrine
the nervous system is made up of individual cells
Purkinje
1837
described first nerve cell in the nervous system
von Helmoltz
electrical activity was the medium for carrying information NOT a by-product
Sherrington
1932 - Nobel Prize
~ synapse –> junction between neurons
~ neuron behaves as a unit
Hebb
1949
~ learning has a biological basis
~ nervous system is always active, stimulation only changes what is already happening
