L1 Fluid CT Blood Lymph Composition

Question 1

What are the blood cells types

Answer 1

Red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets/thrombocytes

Question 2

What does the plasma contain

Answer 2

Immense number of ions
in organic molecules
organic molecules(transit to various parts of body or aid in transport of other substances)

Question 3

Volume of blood and normal adult

Answer 3

5 liters

Question 4

What percentage forms the plasma of whole blood volume

Answer 4

55%

Question 5

Functions of blood

Answer 5

▪️Respiratory function which is responsible for transport of O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissues
▪️defensive function where the blood plays an important role in the defense of body against microorganisms
▪️Hemostatic function which is responsible for stoppage of bleeding through platelets
▪️Also other function such as nutrient function,excretory function, storage function ,transport function and regulation of body temperature

Question 6

What are the constituents of plasma

Answer 6

▪️Water 90%
▪️in organic constituents 1% eg:sodium cl calcium and potassium
▪️organic constituents 9%: plasma proteins 7%,nutrients and waste products 2%

Question 7

What are the concentration ranges for plasma proteins

Answer 7

7-9 g/dL

Question 8

What are the major proteins present in the plasma

Answer 8

Albumin(4.8)
Globulin(a,b,y)(2.7)
Fibrinogen(0.2)

Question 9

Percentage of albumin that is intravascular

Answer 9

38-45%(much of it is in skin)

Question 10

Percentage of exchange in food that is degraded per day

Answer 10

6% to 10%

Question 11

How is degraded albumin replaced

Answer 11

By hepatic synthesis of 200 to 400 mg/kg/d

Question 12

How is albumin transported to the extravascular areas

Answer 12

By vesicular transport across the walls of capillaries

Question 13

When does albumin decrease and when does it increase

Answer 13

Decreases during fasting and increases in condition such as nephrosis where there is Excessive albumin loss

Question 14

List the functions of plasma proteins

Answer 14

1-protein metabolism:plasma proteins are constantly used by the tissues for their protein metabolism thus they are dynamic
2-regulation of blood volume: a major function of albumin is to provide colloid osmotic pressure in the plasma which prevents plasma loss from the capillaries the Capillary walls are relatively impermeable to plasma proteins so this osmotic force tends to pull water into the blood thus maintaining blood volume
3-immunity: the globulins perform a number of enzymatic functions in the plasma, responsible for the body‘s natural and acquired immunity against invading organisms
4-Coagulation some of the plasma proteins are needed for blood coagulation the most important are prothrombin and fibrinogen
5-buffering action: the plasma proteins are also responsible for 15% of the buffering capacity of the blood because of the week ionization of their subsistent COOH and NH2 groups
6-Regulation of arterial blood pressure
7-transport of important substances: some plasma proteins function as carriers for various hormones, other solutes and drugs

Question 15

How does blood coagulation occur

Answer 15

Fibrinogen polymarizes in to long fibrin threads during blood coagulation thereby forming blood clots that help repair leaks in the circulatory system
If the whole body is allowed to clot and clot is removed the remaining fluid is called serum

Question 16

What is the composition of serum

Answer 16

Same composition as plasma except that it’s fibrinogen and clotting factors II &V & VIII have been removed and has a higher serotonin content because of the breakdown of platelets during clotting

Question 17

What is the reason for blood viscosity and what is it responsible for

Answer 17

Due to red blood cells and plasma proteins
Responsible partially for the peripheral resistance which is the resistance that the blood meets during its passage through the peripheral narrow blood vessel and it prevents the rapid outflow of blood through the vessels thus maintaining Normal arterial blood pressure

Question 18

Function of albumin

Answer 18

Oncotic pressure

bind steroids ,T3, bilirubin ,bile salts and fatty acids

Question 19

Protease inhibitor and deficiency causes emphysema

Answer 19

a-1 anti trypsin

Question 20

Binds hemoglobin

Answer 20

Haptoglobin

Question 21

Binds lipid

Answer 21

B- lipoprotein(LDL)

Question 22

Binds iron

Answer 22

Transferrin

Question 23

Function of fibrinogen

Answer 23

Clotting proteins a precursor of fibrin