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Question 1

What is the objectivity illusion?

What is another name for it?

Answer 1

The tendency to think we see the world objectively and those who think differently must be irrational, uninformed or biased

Also known as naive realism

Question 2

What we see and hear is based upon our….

Answer 2

experiences

Question 3

What did Gibson and Walk (1960) show in their experiment?

What conclusions were made?

Answer 3

Infants around 6 months of age wont want to go over a visual cliff (made of glass so an illusion) than those under 6 months of age

Reason is that infants learn to perceive affordances. Possibilities of how they can act in their environment.

E.g. if you fall down a stair (affordance) you will get hurt

Question 4

What is an affordance?

Answer 4

Possible ways you can act in the environment

Question 5

What is the ecological theory of perception?

Answer 5

What we see and how we act is shaped by our experiences with our environment.

How we act and behave is also shaped by our experiences

Question 6

“The scientist is Every[one]. We go and look for the things we want, and when we find them we find part of ourselves” - George Miller

What is meant by this quote ^?

Answer 6

Researchers are human, and aren’t immune to seeing what they want to see

When constructing research questions scientists tend to try and validate beliefs that they already hold about the world and what they look like

Question 7

What is the Experimenter Expectancy Effect?

Answer 7

The experimenter (unknowingly) communicates their expectations or hypotheses to the participants in an experiment, producing the observed effect.

Question 8

How did the Rosenthal and Fode experiment show the Experimenter Expectancy Effect?

Answer 8

Study on human perception of animal performance

Two rat groups, where researchers were told one had experience in the maze and the other did not

However, in both groups the rats had no experience with the maze

The expectations of the participants meant that the results were reported to be different in how researchers percieved the rat’s ability to complete the maze.

Question 9

What is social desirability in research?

Answer 9

Where participants see the experiment as some sort of ‘test of character’ and try to respond in the most socially desirable way

Question 10

The Stanford prison experiment where participants began acting as they thought the experimenters wanted them to act is an example of?

Answer 10

Social Desirability

Question 11

What is double-blinding?

Answer 11

When neither the participants or the experiments know which group is the control and which is the experimental group

Question 12

What does double-blinding protect against?

Answer 12

Expectancy effects

Question 13

What is controlling in research methods?

Answer 13

Everything in a control condition is the same as the experimental conditions except that the independent variable is absent or held constant.

Question 14

Describe the two types of randomising in research methods.

Answer 14

Random sampling refers to how you select participants from a population or how you select stimuli from a set.

Random assignment refers to how you place participants or stimuli into different experimental conditions

Question 15

What is counter-balancing in research methods?

Answer 15

The participant or stimulus sample is divided in half, with one half completing the conditions in one order and the other half completing the conditions in the reverse order.

Question 16

What is the difference between independent and dependent variables?

What can these also be called in correlational research?

Answer 16

Independent = things that are being manipulated, changed or controlled

Dependent = The thing(s) that is being measured

Correlational: Predictor variable (independent), Outcome variable (dependent)

Question 17

What % of research papers were revealed to be reproducible in 2015 when the replication crisis occurred?

What % was said to be replicable?

Answer 17

36%

95% said to be replicable

Question 18

What are the 6 steps for how science is done ideally?

Answer 18

1. Generate and Specify Hypothesis
2. Design Study
3. Conduct study and collect data
4. Analyse data and test hypothesis
5. Interpret results
6. Publish and/or conduct next experiment

Question 19

Name some of the issues that can happen during the 6 stages of the research cycle?

Answer 19

Question 20

What is a Heuristic? (Kahneman)

Answer 20

They are tools used in decision making in humans.

We rely on heuristics and biases without knowing it, we cannot will it away

Question 21

What is Kahneman’s Representativeness heuristic?

Answer 21

Refers to the human tendency to make judgement about probability based on similarity or ‘representativeness’

Question 22

What is Kahneman’s Availability heuristic?

Answer 22

Refers to the human tendency to make judgements about the likelihood on an event based on how easily and example instance or case comes to mind

Question 23

What is Kahneman’s Hindsight bias heuristic?

Answer 23

Refers to the human tendency to see an outcome as obvious and predictable after the fact, despite not having predicted it before it happened

Question 24

What is Kahneman’s Confirmation bias heuristic?

Answer 24

Refers to the human tendency to see, hear and remember information in line with one’s pre-existing mental model of the world. And to ignore, downplay or discount evidence that doesn’t fit the model.

Question 25

What is a kind environment in research methods?

Answer 25

Feedback links outcomes directly to the appropriate actions or judgments and is both accurate and plentiful

Question 26

What is a wicked environment in research methods?

Answer 26

Situations in which feedback in the form of outcomes of actions or observations is poor, misleading or even missing