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RED > L08: Stem Cells > Flashcards

L08: Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 ways a stem cell divides

A

Asymmetrically

Symmetrically

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2
Q

What does asymmetrical division of the stem cells result in

A

One 1 cell that is identical to parent and one slightly different cell

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3
Q

What does asymmetrical division occur in

A

Tissue maintenance

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4
Q

What does symmetrical division result in

A

2 identical daughter cells to parent cell

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5
Q

When is symmetrical division involved

A

Embryonic development for tissue expansion

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6
Q

At rest what state do stem cells sit in

A

Quiescent

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7
Q

What triggers the stem cells to divide

A

A signal

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8
Q

What happens to stem cells as they divide

A

Lose potency and differentiate

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9
Q

What determines how the stem cells divide i.e symmetrical or asymmetric

A

Stem cells niche

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10
Q

What is a stem cell niche

A

Components that sit outside the stem cells and produce signal e.g cytokines that signal to stem cell to divide

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11
Q

What is the similarity of embryonic stem cells and adult stem cell

A

Both have self renewal and capacity to differentiate

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12
Q

Where are adult stem cells derived form

A

Foetus

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13
Q

What is the role of the adult stem cells

A

Maintain organs throughout life

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14
Q

Where are embryonic cell stem derives from

A

Early embryos

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15
Q

What does embryonic stem cells not represent

A

A cell in the adult

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16
Q

What potential does embryonic stem cell give rise to

A

Every Cell types in the body

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17
Q

From 1 cell to 8 cell stage what is the potency of embryonic stem cells

A

Totipotent

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18
Q

What are the embryonic stem cells when the morula forms

A

Pluripotent

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19
Q

What can happen to the some of the cells in the inner cell mass

A

Stay pluripotent to form the gametes at the genital ridge

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20
Q

What does the inner cell mass form

A

The embryo

21
Q

What does the outer cell mass from

A

The placenta

22
Q

What 2 layers does the inner cell mass become

A

Epiblast

Hypoblast

23
Q

What are the 3 important transcription factors to keep a cell pluripotent

A

Oct 4
Sox 2
Nanog

24
Q

What happens to the stem cell when you add a cytokine called LIF

A

1) lif activates stat 3

2) stat 3 inhibits the differentiation of mesoderm and endoderm

25
Q

What happens to stem cell when you ad BMP

A

1) BMP activates SMAD

2) SMAD inhibits the differentiation into the ectoderm

26
Q

What does the epiblast differntiate into

A

Ectoderm

27
Q

What does the hypoblast become

A

Endoderm

28
Q

What occurs during gastrulation

A

1) primitive streak forms on the epiblast
2) cell of the epiblast migrate inwards and detach to slip beneath it, this is invagination
3) first cells invade the hypoblast and invade it to become the endoderm
4) remaining cells of the epiblast are known as the ectoderm
5) some of the invaginate epiblast cells remain in the space between the ectoderm and endoderm to form the mesoderm

29
Q

What cells displace the hypoblast to become the endoderm

A

Epiblast

30
Q

What cells from the mesoderm

A

Invaginate Epiblast

31
Q

What is the cell migration from epiblast down to allow 3 germ layers formation (endoderm,mesoderm and ectoderm) governed by

A

Gene call FGF8

32
Q

What does the FGF8 gene control the movement of cells by

A

Downregulating e-Cadherin

33
Q

What are the challenges with stem cell therapy

A
  • to produce sufficient numbers
  • Ensure they are safely screened for no tumour formation
  • Immune rejection
34
Q

To get embryonic stem cell to differentiate what do we need to understand

A

The cytokine signals and at what time they are added

35
Q

What happens when you ad activin A to an embryonic stem cell

A

Differentiation into endoderm

36
Q

What happens to OCT4, SOX2, NANOG transcription factors if the cells differntiate into the endoderm

A

Become downregulated

37
Q

What does mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to differentiate into

A

Adipocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Coroncytes

38
Q

Therefore what can mesenchymal stem cells be used in

A

Supporting transplant to liver
Regenerate fading muscle
Help myocardial infarction where there is scaring of the heart

39
Q

How do we stop immune rejection when we use stem cells

A

Via a patient specific pluripotent stem cell line

40
Q

What are the 2 ways of inducing patient specific pluripotent stem line

A
  • therapeutic cloning

- induced pluripotent stem cells

41
Q

How does a patient specific pluripotent stem cell work via therepautic cloning

A

1) transfer a somatic cell nucles from a patient and transfer into a empty oocyte
2) trigger cell division
3) inner cell mass is removed at the blastocytes and can be cultures to make specific cells

42
Q

Why doesn’t therepeutic cloning cause rejection

A

Because the embryonic cell is derived from the patients own somatic cells and therefore would not be rejected

43
Q

Describe how an induced pluripotent stem cell works

A

1) you collects a differentiated cell from the patient
2) you reverse the differntiation by giving pluripotency inducing transcription factors of sox-2, cox4, c-myc, klf-4
3) this gives rise the induce pluripotent stem cells

44
Q

What does totipotent mean

A

Capable of giving rise to any (mesoderm, ectoderm,endoderm) cell type plus extra embryonic cells (placenta) e.g zygote up 8 cell stage

45
Q

What does pluripotent mean

A

Cell that can give rise to all cell types from the 3 germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm) that make up the body but not the placenta.
This is the inner cell mass of the blastocyst

46
Q

What does multipotent mean

A

Cells that can develop into more than one cell type but are limited than pluripotent cells e.g adult stem cells are multipotent

47
Q

What does unipotent mean

A

Cell that is able to differentiate into a single cell type e.g differentiated cells

48
Q

What are the clinical uses of adult stem cells

A

Bone marrow transplant
Skin- skin grafting
Cartilaginous tissue bronchus replacement

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