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RED > L03: Testicular Function > Flashcards

L03: Testicular Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a gamete

A

A mature haploid reproductive cell

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2
Q

What is the gamete in males

A

Sperm

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3
Q

What is the gamete in females

A

Egg

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4
Q

Up to what week can you not tell the difference between a male and female

A

7 weeks

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5
Q

What process is occurring during the first 7 weeks

A

Primordial germ cells arise that give rise to sperm and eggs

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6
Q

Which gene on chromosome triggers testis development

A

SRY gene

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7
Q

How can people be genetically male but female

A

Due to SRY gene mutation or deletion

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8
Q

How can people be genetically female but male

A

Due to translocation of SRY gene

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9
Q

After week 7 when there are primordial germ cells what happens to them

A

They migrate to the gonadal ridges

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10
Q

What process occurs in the gonadal ridge when the PGS migrate to it

A

1) cells form the colemic epithelium penetrate into the medullary mesenchyme
2) this forms the primitive sex cord (that express SRY)
3) PGS then come in
4) primitive secs cords surround the PGCs to form seminiferous tubules
5) migrating ells from mesonephric primordia which from the vasculature of the testis and form leydig cells around the seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

When the seminiferous tubules form what are the 2 components of it

A

1) within the seminiferous tubule:
PCGs are called prospermatogonia
Sex cord cells from Sertoli cells

2) between seminiferous tubules:
Vascularisation occurs by leydig cells

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12
Q

When seminiferous tubules form what happens to SRY gene that are expressed by sex cord cells

A

SRY gene is no longer expressed

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13
Q

When seminiferous tubules have formed what 2 hormones are developed

A

Androgen

Anti mullerian hormone

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14
Q

What forms the sperm inside the seminiferous tubules

A

Primitive germinal cells

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15
Q

What structure divides the seminiferous tubules into 2 further sub compartments

A

Blood testis barrier

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16
Q

When does the blood testis barrier form

A

During puberty PRIOR to spermatogenesis

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17
Q

What are the 2 functions of the blood testis barrier

A

1) separate sperm from the immune system to prevent an immune response
2) selective transport ions and small molecules

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18
Q

What are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis

A

1) proliferation
2) division
3) differentiation

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19
Q

Describe what occurs at the proliferation phase starting with prospermatogonia (from PGCs)

A

1) at puberty the rested prospermatogonia becomes activated and undergoes mitosis at the basal component of the seminiferous tubule
2) reactive prospermatogonia is referred to as As spermatogonia
3) As spermatogonia constantly renew to form A spermagonium
3) A spermatogonium becomes committed to spermatogenesis
4) A spermatogonium undergo mitosis again to form B spermatogonium
5) B spermatogonium divide again to form primary spermatocytes

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20
Q

What occurs as the division phase of spermatogenesis

A

1) primary spermatocytes move to the luminal component of the seminiferous tubule by passing the blood testis barrier
2) primary spermatocytes undergone 1st meiotic division
4) this forms the secondary spermatocytes
5) secondary spermatocytes undergone 2nd meiotic division to form the round spermatids

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21
Q

What occurs at the differentiation phase of spermiogeneis

A

Round spermatids elongate to from elongated spermatids which mature into spermatozoa (sperm)

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22
Q

List the key features of a sperm

A 
Acrosome 
Flagellum 
Mitochondria 
Nucleus 
Cytoplasm
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23
Q

What does the acrosome contain

A

Hydrolytic enzymes for acrosome reaction

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24
Q

After the acrosome reaction what structure becomes available

A

Inner acrosomal membrane receptors to fuse with egg

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25
Q

What is the flagellum

A

Tail that allows movement of the sperm

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26
Q

What does the mitochondria of the sperm provide

A

Energy for motility

27
Q

What does the nucleus of the sperm determine

A

Sex of the embryo (X or Y chromosome)

28
Q

What is the sperm DNA packaged into

A

Protein called protamines

29
Q

How much cytoplasm does the sperm have

A

Not much

30
Q

What is spermiation

A

What the cells are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

31
Q

In humans how long does spermatogenesis take

A

64 days

32
Q

What does the spermatogenic wave mean

A

Sperm is constantly produced

33
Q

Apart from sperm what are the other products of the testis

A

Androgens: mainly testosterone
Oestrogens: in small amounts
Cytokines: inhibin and AMH

34
Q

Which cell produces testosterone in the testis

A

Leydig cells

35
Q

What happens to the androgen/testosterone that is produced in the leydig cells

A
  • some are released into the lymph
  • some are released into the blood
  • some remain in the seminiferous tubules
36
Q

What happens to the testosterone that remains in the seminiferous tubule

A

1) Testesterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in Sertoli cells (within the seminiferous tubule) as they express the enzyme 5-alpha Reductase for the conversion
2) some of this then binds to androgen receptors in Sertoli cells to drive spermatogenesis
3) some of this binds to androgen binding protein that remain in the testis

37
Q

Which cell in the testis produced inhibin

A

Sertoli cells

38
Q

When inhibin is produced by Sertoli cells what is the role of inhibin

A

Supress the anterior pituitary gland to decrease FSH production

39
Q

Which cell in the testis produced AMH

A

Sertoli cells

40
Q

What role does AMH have when it is produced

A

Embryonic role in reproductive system

41
Q

Describe the HPG axis in puberty

A

1) hypothalamus secrets GNRH to the anterior pituitary gland
2) anterior pituitary gland produces and releases LH/FHS
3) LH binds to LHCGR on leydig cells
4) leydig cells produce testosterone which move to the seminiferous tubules to become converted to dihydrotestosterone via Sertoli cells
5) some bind to androgen receptor on Sertoli cells for stimulation of spermatogenesis
6) FSH that is released binds to FSHR on Sertoli cells
7) this causes Sertoli cells to increase androgen receptor to increase sensitivity to testosterone production by leydig cells
8) Sertoli cells also stimulate the prouction of inhibin which supress the HPG axis.

42
Q

When spermatozoa is made in the testis are they mature

A

No

43
Q

How does the spermatozoa mature

A

When they are released in the lumen and undergone maturation in the male tract

44
Q

When sperm is released in the lumen of the testis where does it enter

A

Rete testis

45
Q

After the rete testis where does the sperm go

A

Epididymis

46
Q

What occurs at the epididymis for the sperm to mature

A

Epididymis provided molecules for sperm to acquire fertility and maturity

47
Q

What are the 3 regions the epididymis is split into

A

Head
Body
Tail

48
Q

After the epididymis where does the sperm pass into

A

Vas deferens

49
Q

What is the vas deferens for sperm

A

Storage reservoir

50
Q

At ejaculation what is released

A

Sperm

Seminal plasma

51
Q

Where does the seminal plasma come from

A

Accessory sex glands

52
Q

What is the seminal plasma involve

A

Fructose
Buffer
Anti-oxidants

53
Q

What are the 2 main accessory glands

A

Seminal vesicle

Prostate

54
Q

Where does the seminal vesicles empty into during ejaculation

A

Ejaculatory duct

55
Q

What does the seminal vesicles secret to stop ejaculate clotting

A

Fibrinogen like substrate

56
Q

What does the prostate secrete

A

Fluid that is alkaline high in zinc

57
Q

What does the alkaline high in zinc protect the sperm from

A

Acidic environment

58
Q

What else does the prostate secrete

A

Ejaculate clotting enzymes
And
Enzymes that cause liquefaction (so the sperm doesn’t stay in the vagina forever)

59
Q

At what phase does the prostate secrete

A

Capulation

60
Q

What does the bulbo-urethral gland produce

A

The pre-ejaculate

61
Q

Why is a pre-ejaculate secrete into the urethra

A

For lubrication and neutralisation for acidic urine in the urethra before ejaculation

62
Q

Where does capacitation of the sperm occur

A

In the vagina

63
Q

What are the 2 components of capacitation

A

1) Change in sperm motility- hypermotility of the sperm to allow it into the cervix
2) acrosome reaction when the sperm gets to the egg

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